“No one is going to create the anti-The Order movement. That would be foolish and unnecessary. It could be infiltrated, bought off, or diverted all too easily. Why play by the rules set by the enemy?

The movement that will topple The Order will be extremely simple and most effective. It will be ten thousand or a million Americans who come to the conclusion that they don’t want  the State to be boss, that they prefer to live under the protection of the Constitution. They will make their own independent decision to thwart The Order and it will take ten thousand or a million forms.”

— Dr. Anthony Sutton

Update (Correction):

I reread my comment and have to correct myself. It’s true that Muslim states haven’t been conquering Christian (European) states since the 16th century, as Reed argues. But his piece and my comment both omit (in my case, from forgetfulness) that Muslim rulers have been conquering other countries in that period.

In India, the East India Company was actually fighting Muslim rulers both in the south and the north, with the ultimate goal of diminishing the power of the Mughal ruler in Delhi. All in all, Muslim empire in India lasted longer than official British rule (1858-1947) and longer even than the de facto British presence in India (1600-1947).

If you count from the earliest Afghan incursions of Mohammed Ghaznavi and Mohammed Gori, the Muslim military presence in India lasted from the 8th century to the early 19th century, over a thousand years in all.

Looked at from that perspective, the struggle today between Islam and “the West” is more accurately seen as the struggle between the last of the feudal theocracies and the usurping power of the merchant-state.

ORIGINAL POST

Fred Reed via Lew Rockwell:

“Would it be poltroonish of me to note that just now Christian armies are busily annexing and wrecking Afghanistan and Iraq, having recently bombed Somalia? That they use robotic aircraft to murder Yemenis, that they hunt down Moslems in the Philippines (where after 1898 Americans engaged in atrocities that would win the admiration of the Japanese), encourage Israel to ruin Lebanon and to run a concentration camp for Moslems in Gaza, enthusiastically murder Pakistanis from the sky, and threaten Syria and Iran?

Those Moslems. Militant, they are. The bastards.

The Islamic countries listed above are only those currently attacked by America. Let us look at the matter in another way. I append here a list of all Christian countries conquered by militant Moslems since 1529:

………

Next, a partial list of Moslem countries conquered by Christians: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq (the first time), Iraq (again), Iran, Pakistan, East Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Oman, Abu Dhabi, Dubai….

This list does not include such minor Christian conquests as North, South, and Central America, India, China, Southeast Asia, black Africa, and such. Unconscionable, Moslem aggressiveness is.

Buchanan regards the events of 9/11 as no end grievous. So do I. Yet perhaps people who live in glass pots and kettles shouldn’t call names. The UN’s figures give 600,000 Iraqi children dead because of the American embargo, which didn’t allow, for example, chlorine to sterilize water. This is equivalent to 6.4 million dead children in the United States. Hmmm: If Moslems had killed this trifling number of our sprats, might we wax grumpish?

Yes, I know, the UN is a commie Marxist socialist anti-American conspiracy, and not as trustworthy as the American propaganda apparatus. All right. Let’s assume that the UN lied by a factor of ten, and thus only 60,000 Iraqi children died thanks to us. Thus, if 3,000 Americans died in New York, we owe the Moslems some 57,000. No?

If I may sally briefly into unloved seriousness: What puzzles me, as one who has lived extensively abroad, is how little Americans are able to see things through the eyes of others, how little empathy they have (this latter defect being characteristic of both psychopaths and narcissists).

Consider a headline from Antiwar.com of a sort appearing almost daily: “US Drone Strike Destroys House Full of Children in Pakistan.” Apparently no one in the Great Rubber Room north of Mexico has an inkling why this might arouse hatred in Pakistanis. Can you imagine the fury that would ensue if a Moslem blew up a house full of American kids in, say, Queens? But when we kill their kids, no one cares. “Yeah, well. Tough. Giv’em a few dollars.” Buncha dirty raghead larvae. No better than cockroaches, right?”

My Comment:

What Reed omits in this account of Christian versus Muslim is crucial….more crucial than the point he’s trying to make. In fact, this omission entirely undermines his thesis about a psychopathic population.

What he considers “Christian” conquests in the last 300-400 years not Christian at all, but primarily driven by international merchant associations like the East India Company. Christianity followed in many cases, but only as an appendage. In India, the East India Company had de facto possession of vast areas of land by late 17th century, but Victoria was crowned Empress of India only in the mid-nineteenth century and the missionary movement was only in full swing at that time.

The truth is neither Muslim nor Christian states (as in, theocracies) are primarily responsible for the majority of conquests since the Renaissance. That honor goes to the great merchant associations of the West and the bankers who funded them.

Now return to Reed’s argument about violent Christians and add this: what if the merchants/bankers had a network of foundations and media outlets that insisted on portraying the violence of the last 400 and odd years as driven solely by racist Christianity?  What if the merchants/bankers had cultural affiliations that were hostile toward Christianity – and indeed to religion itself – and were thus unable/unwilling to correct this distortion?

Wouldn’t the issue than be not the psychopathology of the population (as Reed describes it) but the psychopathology of the ruling class?

And wouldn’t an equal issue be the media, since it is the tool that the psychopathic rulers use to drug and hypnotize the population until it can’t identify its real enemies?

A reader sends me this quotation from libertarian activist Karl Hess, with a brief note about Hess and the IRS below it:

“I am in total opposition to any institutional power. I favor a world of neighborhoods in which all social organization is voluntary and the ways of life are
established in small, consenting groups. These groups could cooperate with other groups as they saw fit. But all cooperation would be on a voluntary basis. As the French anarchist Proudhon said, “Liberty is not the daughter but the Mother of Order.” The precedents I look to are the participatory democracies of the Greek city-states, many Irish cities up until the British occupation, some Indian villages under Mahatma Gandhi and the town meetings right here in America. Each of those
anarchist societies produced great and honorable cultures. There is no way to achieve a free society that is national. The concept of a nation requires the subordination of the citizen because you must let someone else represent you. So your freedom is being exercised by another person. In a truly free society, there is no subordination of any citizen. Every citizen represents himself. The
nation-state is an abomination.”

—    Karl Hess 1976

The IRS story:

“Karl was a speech writer for Goldwater in the 1964 presidential campaign and was
credited with the famous, “Extremism in defense of Liberty is no vice. Moderation in pursuit of freedom is no virtue”, from Goldwater’s acceptance speech at the 1964 convention. Actually it was given to him by Harry Jaffa and although he thought it was provocative, he did not expect
it would induce the spontaneous hemorrhaging in the body politic it did.

After Johnson was elected Karl was slapped with an IRS audit. When he asked the auditor/robber who was handling his case/theft if a certain perfectly legitimate deduction was right, he replied it didn’t matter if it was right because it was the law. Karl said he had never before met an American who thought there was a difference between right and law. The perfect Nazi soldier. He then notified them he wasn’t going to pay taxes anymore–ever and by way of explanation enclosed a copy of the Declaration of Independence. The IRS confiscated all his property except tools and clothing and
slapped a 100 percent government lien on all future earnings. He and his wife moved to West Virginia where he became a non union welder and sculptor living on barter.

Karl said, “It is curious to note that when, for reasons of conscience, people refuse to kill, they are often exempted from active military duty. But there are no exemptions for people who, for reasons of conscience, refuse to financially support the bureaucracy that actually does the killing. Apparently the state takes money more seriously than life”.

This was written in 1996, five years before 9-11 and Homeland Security. Now, more than ten years later, we have arrived at the dark place which Gurudas – an author of alternative health best-sellers and several works on the coming police state – foresaw. Whether you agree with Gurudas’ characterization of Roosevelt and the New Deal or not, his concerns –  then only prevalent on the margin – are now sweeping the mainstream.
TREASON
©The New World Order
by Gurudas © 1996 by Gurudas
Published 1996 by Cassandra Press

Introduction
***
“In our country the lie has become not just a moral category, but a pillar of the state.”
-Alexander Solzhenitsyn

“Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death?”

-Patrick Henry
***
America today exists in a twilight zone, not a democracy or a Republic but not yet a police state. America has become an elitist corporate oligarchy. We as a people clearly do not have the freedoms that the Founding Fathers had and that they envisioned for future generations. The many cases of government abuse described in this book are no longer rare or unique, they are increasingly the norm. Especially since the late 1960s, numerous American political activists have been murdered, maimed, framed, kidnapped, bombed, and spied on by government agents. We now have camouflaged police that look like terrorists, undercover police in the schools, curfews, roadblocks, urine tests, and informer networks. Government terrorism against the people continues to grow.

While I discuss the secret, or invisible government, that controls America, I also show how society is changing as the new world order dictatorship gradually takes hold. The cultural, economic, social, and political trends that are creating the new world order are discussed in detail. Over many years the large corporations have taken control of our society, and we are all worse off because of this. In the 1930s the banking/corporate elite attempted to establish a dictatorship while their agent Roosevelt was in power. Now, with an out-of-control intelligence community, the situation is more dangerous. Presidential edicts establish secret laws, while Congress has little say as federal power grows. The dictatorship of the new world order would be much worse than Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, because the technology to control people is much more advanced today. The U.S. News & World Report was quite accurate to present an article on North Korea with a caption under a photo entitled new world order. That type of extreme control is what awaits America.

Historians have shown that one reason Hitler took control in Germany was because people were too busy with their own personal and professional lives to get involved in politics. Many felt that if Hitler took power he would become a good German because his advisors would control him. By the time people awoke, it was too late. A former Berlin businessman “blamed his own group, people with the time and money and the opportunity to know better, for what happened to Germany. We ignored Hitler. We considered him an unimportant fellow….We considered it just a bit vulgar to bother with him, to bother with politics at all.”

In certain respects America today is like Germany in the 1930s. In the later days of the Weimar government, key leaders were assassinated just as in America. George McGovern said, as in the Weimar period many people today are angry and distrust the government. As happened in Germany we have turned away from our Constitution. Hitler introduced gun control just as is happening today. Our 1968 gun control law is taken almost word for word from the 1938 German gun control law. As in Germany there are people in America today trying to warn the public that we face a disastrous turn away from our heritage if the people don’t wake up. Germany had a developed culture, so the people did not believe the warnings. In America we have a democratic heritage and people are uneducated as to what is happening to our society partly because of a corporate-controlled press. Most people quietly go about their professional and personal lives not understanding that our way of life is gravely threatened by the coming new world order.

Many readers will read this material and think it foolish to say a dictatorship is coming. Unfortunately, that cavalier attitude is one reason why a Republic can be lost. Daniel Webster said: “God grants liberty only to those who love it, and are always ready to guard and defend it.” If every one sits back complacently who will protect the Republic? Edmund Burke said, “All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” Many issues discussed in this book are ignored by the national press. People need to get more involved and study what is really happening in America. Newsweek published a letter from someone after the congressional Ruby Ridge hearings who said: “It concerns me that people I had believed to be paranoid extremists and lunatics may actually have a point.”

When decent people are confronted by evil, it can be difficult for them to accept it. This is one reason why people find it difficult to accept conspiracies. A few years ago the Texas Attorney General visited the place where people had been sacrificed in satanic rituals. On national television, this official said he wouldn’t believe it except that he had seen it. In World War II after the Soviet army captured Treblinka, one of the first major death camps to be overrun, Western reporters were brought in. They reported the gas chambers and mass killings to the West, but it wasn’t initially believed. It was considered to be anti-Nazi propaganda because supposedly even the Nazis couldn’t kill people like cattle. Indeed, normal people have a right to ask why should people so thirst for money and power. It can be a sickness that decent people cannot understand.

Some people who hear this information laugh or get very upset because it disturbs their perception of reality. If you only get news from the national media, this book will be quite shocking. The truth is so scary that many people don’t want to confront it. Patrick Henry said: “It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth....For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst; and to provide for it.”

In recent years millions of Americans have learned that special interest groups now control the political process and own this country. Various banking groups and business leaders, along with rogue elements in the military and intelligence communities behind the scenes, are the dominant special interest group in America. Many politicians are controlled by these people, sometimes without politicians even realizing it. With great power, unlimited funds, occasional threats, and numerous contacts, this elite force secretly controls many special interest groups which actually serve as front organizations. Second, just as many politicians have sold out to special interest groups, there is today in America a systematic avoidance, distortion, and suppression of news in the national media, which today is controlled by a handful of bankers and corporations allied to this corporate elite. While I often refer to corporations in this book, behind the large corporations are large banks. David M. Kotz said banks generally control the large U.S. corporations by exerting outside pressure, placing their representatives on the board of directors, or through stock ownerships.

One doesn’t have to believe in the power of the banking groups to understand that a dictatorship is coming. The bankers and corporate elite in hundreds of books, articles, and speeches openly write of their plans to disarm the U.S. military and end our sovereignty, while creating a one world government led by the UN with a powerful new army. Much of this literature is discussed in this book. Consider the actions of the UN, various U.S. government agencies, current laws, and how they are being enforced against the people. Numerous presidential edicts often nullify the Constitution.

One of the scary things about this book is that much of the material contained here was obtained from reading various newspapers and magazines or by just watching television. Many of the things discussed in this book accurately portray in frightening detail a growing trend towards the future society depicted in Brave New World by Huxley and 1984 by Orwell. In December, 1978 in The Futurist, David Goodman listed 137 predictions made by George Orwell. Over 100 of them had already come true. Goodman said: “The possibility of Orwell’s 1984 becoming reality…is clear….Though 1984 has failed as a warning, it has been succeeding brilliantly as a forecast.” In recent years, especially in doing the research for this book, I have notice over and over again people asking “How could this happen in America?” It will keep on happening, unless we the people take back the government.

In recent years the press has released much shocking information. If I had written a book years ago just listing the many exposes released in shows like 60 Minutes on how the government has abused its citizens, few people would have believed such things could happen in America! If I had written several years ago that thousands of Americans had been secretly exposed to radiation, including even plutonium, without their knowledge or consent and that some of these people were pregnant, who would have believed this. When this was reported in late 1993, some said this only occurred in dictatorships like the former Soviet Union. It is time to understand that, in many respects, we are already living in a dictatorship. It is just very sophisticated. As Rousseau said: “There is no subjugation so perfect as that which keeps the appearance of freedom, for in that way one captures volition itself.” When you control what people think, without people even realizing this is being done, it is possible to control and transform a society without using force. We are all blinded by propaganda.

Over 400,000 people have had their assets forfeited, the majority without even being accused of a crime. Many lose their properly after they are found innocent of a crime. Your assets are guilty until proven innocent. No free society would allow such laws. Prosecutors openly harass criminal attorneys, and there is increasingly harsh anti-crime legislation with an attempt lo remove guns from the people in the phony war on drugs. Law enforcement agencies act with increased aggressiveness against all citizens. The traditional rights of a juror have been greatly weakened, while surveillance cameras are becoming common. Millions of Americans were exposed to open air nuclear tests which the government said were quite safe knowing this was a lie. America today has one of the largest prison populations in the world, and all signs indicate that population will greatly expand in the next few years, with many new prisons now being built.

The contents of this book may be new to many. However, Americans increasingly understand the vast treason and corruption now taking place. It is just that the national media will rarely discuss these issues, or they are discussed in a very biased manner, so many readers will not appreciate how widespread is the discussion and understanding of these problems. What if the information in this book is true? What if only part of it is true? Isn’t it lime to stop blindly believing the propaganda we are fed in the national media, ignoring politics or just pressing the lever at the polling station concluding that you have fulfilled your responsibility as a citizen. The present dangerous state of affairs has taken place partly because we as citizens have shirked our responsibilities. We must all get involved in the political process if we are to reverse the overwhelming power of the federal government and Wall Street.

Last year I listened to a conservative radio announcer attack the conspiracy views of the Christic Institute and The Secret Government by Bill Moyer. What the announcer didn’t add is that many on the right also strongly attack the national security apparatus and the hidden power of the banking groups. Pat Robertson in the New World Order is not the only conservative attacking these forces. When Pat Robertson and Bill Moyers can agree that our nation is today threatened by certain internal forces, this is one more sign that people should take a closer look at what is happening today. Over the months I read and found relevant information in conservative publications, such as The American Spectator and the National Review, and in progressive publications, such as Z Magazine and In These Times. This book is not meant to be liberal or conservative; it is meant to support restoring constitutional government.

Across the political spectrum there are voices trying to warn the people that the country is gravely threatened. Some, like Gore Vidal, Stewart Udall, and Bill Moyers, talk about the nefarious activities of the national security state. Noam Chomsky describes the one world government in various books and articles. Others, like Buckminister Fuller in Critical Path, present a broad history of how the invisible corporate government has long controlled and manipulated the people. People like William Domhoff and C. Wright Mills describe the elite that have long ruled America from behind the scenes. Barry Goldwater and Pat Robertson describe the dangerous activities of certain bank controlled groups. Christopher Lasch and Gerry Spence feel our constitutional form of government has been seriously weakened by the corporate elite.

All these people say there are powerful groups threatening our way of life. Some sources identify the bankers and corporate elite as the source of our problems, while others feel the national security state is the threat. The power of Wall Street is now obvious to many. So much is happening today that it is increasingly clear a police state is no longer some distant event to fear. The American people must awaken and join together to restore constitutional government and diminish the power of the large corporations and their agent, the federal government, so that we can again be a free people.

I notice that when you do a google search of Austrian economics, the very first entry is a wiki page redirect to Calculation Problem economics.

Was this always the case or was it result of the fracas, or is someone at wiki a tad invested in the debate?

The article on the page is itself something of a hit job. It references Bryan Caplan and his criticisms of Austrian economics repeatedly, distorts the record by claiming Stiglitz predicted the crisis, for example.

Someone should edit it for accuracy.

“You have the courage to tell the masses what no politician told them: you are inferior and all the improvements in your conditions which you simply take for granted you owe to the efforts of men who are better than you.”

—  Ludwig Von Mises to Ayn Rand

In a spirit of malicious sarcasm directed against the hordes of uninformed people who expect other human beings to do all the hard work and take all the flak for fleshing out arguments the evidence for which is easily available on the net, while these queen bees simply troll sites throwing around words like “conspiracy”, “smear”…here’s what.

From now on, I’ll save myself endless debates with the terminally uninformed.

Yes, you are right.

1. Peter Boettke is the central figure in the Austrian revival.

2. Von Mises did not exist, or if he did, was a legendary, shadowy figure of secondary importance. Ditto for Murray Rothbard.

3. Lew Rockwell is populated by conspiracists and fools who had nothing to say about the housing bubble, financial crisis, or any other matter and simply plagiarized what they did from sterling papers like The Wall Street Journal.

4. LRC is filled with racists. That’s why it spends its time and effort arguing against bombing non-European people. The WSJ either remains silent about or urges the bombing of non-European people on a regular basis. But it never says hurtful things about them, at least, not in public. Ergo, it’s not racist or statist….at least, not in any way that would matter in New York City. They also employ non-Europeans, hence they cannot be racist, even if they urge/accept the extended bombing of non-European people. Racism does not include the killing of non-Europeans. It only extends to hurting their feelings..sometimes.

5. The Koch family has never, ever funded lobbyists. Their businesses are conducted with scrupulous integrity and they have never entered a courtroom to litigate any matter. It is an infamous lie that they have ever been contacted by any member of any intelligence agency ever at any moment of their lives. Any evidence to the contrary is a conspiracy theory.  See website of Koch family.

6. Ditto for the Wall Street Journal. Any evidence to the contrary is a conspiracy theory.

7. Capitalism is the system where big businesses grant themselves rights and privileges individuals cannot claim. This is for the welfare of society. Capitalists always seek the welfare of society because the self-interest of a part is the same as the self-interest of the whole. This is called the hidden hand. The hidden hand is not to be confused with the iron fist. Which also hides. Hidden hands never  use the levers of governments on their behalf. This follows because capitalists are often libertarians. (When they are not socialists). Libertarians by definition believe in liberty. Hence they cannot be statists. QED. Note: Alan Greenspan and Matt Ridley are not statists because they call themselves libertarian. That makes them libertarians. QED.

8. No mainstream journalist has ever ripped off bloggers and activists. Ever. Elite journals are by definition better than bloggers. Hence they could never rip off bloggers. QED. Any evidence to the contrary is a smear.

Update (September 2, 2010):

More links will have to wait for a few days.  Business calls…and a friend who has been around a long time gives advice:

“Actually I have a sense of deja vu all over again. You are encountering
the same old enemies: misrepresentation, straw men, name appropriation,
and bait and switching that have been around forever. La misma mierda siempre.

As a wise lady once said,

“Rather than forcing the country to change, a far simpler and humbler strategy is to let the country go whichever way it wants, and get out of its way. I’m not a cynic. I’m not telling you to stand on the sidelines and egg both sides on. I’m not telling you to forget your native soil or your community. I’m suggesting that it might be easier for you to defend them from abroad. And I’m suggesting that you start making yourself a foothold abroad. Just in case.”

Every good trader has an exit strategy.”

Time to take my own advice?

ORIGINAL POST

A friend of The Bell who also posts with insight here  responded to my previous post on the WSJ’s piece on the Austrians. I’ve chosen to place his response with a new post and address his points one by one, as I think there’s a degree of misunderstanding behind them. He starts with a cite from my post below:

“The rest of Mises-on-the-web is to be swept under the carpet, along with Jon Stewart shows, raucous blogs, politicians, hard-money cranks, stock-tipster and other vulgar riff-raff.”

(Lila: quoted from my original post)

Comment from Bell associate:

You seem to be implying that the Journal article was explicitly intended to do help this. We do not believe that this was the explicit intention of those who were involved in the article. Horowitz says it was not, and he is closely associate with Boettke and spoke to the reporter.

Lila’s Response:

Your argument here changes. Only your first line seems accurate to me. I AM implying that the Journal article is a deliberate positioning. Your next line slides from “implying….and intending” – which was what I said, to “explicit intention..those involved…Horowitz…Boettke..”.

Respectfully, this is a straw man. I never attacked Boettke in anyway, except to say he’s not the name most associated with Austrian economics.  My entire argument was directed against the WSJ. As for Kelly Evans, I didn’t even mention her or impute any motives to her. The positioning of an article does not even have to involve the “explicit” knowledge of the author. I’ve seen some of my own arguments reused in different contexts to accomplish ends exactly opposite what I intended them for. I have previously written about positioning by editors, where I think the author did not “intend” what the positioning in fact accomplished.

The logic in this comment is weak on other counts. Because a friend says something does not make it so. One would expect Boettke’s friends to say something positive about a positive article about their friend, right? Besides, as I said, neither Boettke…or even Evans…is the target of my criticism. My very first comment on the Bell article indicates who the target is: WSJ’s editors.

Comment from Bell Associate:

Some more thoughts for you, Ms. Rajiva:

1. The Bell pointed out that the WSJ article was motivated either by willful ignorance or antipathy on the part either of the writer or editor(s). We rejected the idea that the article was vetted by the CIA or (implicitly/explicitly) composed by GMU/Boettke et. al. We think statements by the Boettke’s group (see Horowitz’s feedbacks on the second Bell feedback thread) substantiate this point.

LILA:

Where did I say the piece was “vetted by the CIA” or “implicitly/explicitly/ composed by GMU Or Boettke”? This is a puzzling statement…

What I wrote was that the CIA has a large presence on campus, especially at DC-area universities. That the Mercatus Center and other groups in libertarian circles in the Beltway are funded by the brothers Koch, and that this “Kochtopus’ sets the limits of what can be said at those institutions. I also cited a quote from one of the Kochs themselves to Brian Doherty. (Note what the Jane Mayer piece misses. I don’t endorse The New Yorker’s positions just because I read its research). In fairness to the Kochs, here is their response from their website and here is the response of Nick Gillespie, editor of the libertarian magazine Reason which is funded by the Kochs, as Gillespie discloses in his piece.

I then cited a credible article. “The Mighty Wurlitzer” (Daniel Brandt, Namebase.org, 1997), which quotes CIA director Bill Colby that intelligence interventions into the media are frequent and explicit. I cited this as part of a general discussion of how paradigms are set, boundaries are policed, polite discourse is monitored, and the integrity of intellectual exchange is subverted. To reduce that informed position to the ranting of a tinfoil hat conpiracist is not fair.

COMMENT

2. Since we’ve pointed out on numerous occasions that a control of the dialectic involves setting artificial boundaries, your point about rhetoric is well taken.

LILA: Indeed you have pointed out many useful things and The Bell’s point(s) are ALL well-taken.

I believe I’ve said so many time. I said this piece was an “excellent catch.”.

What I said wasn’t intended to undermine The Bell’s analysis, but to supplement it. I think The Bell operates outside this country and might not have the first- hand and by now quite lengthy interaction with subversion that many activists have had.

Having encountered the “usual suspects” at work manipulating the record over and over and over, forgive us if we don’t stand around waiting when we see something afoot. We anticipate it…. and are only surprised when it doesn’t occur. Wake me up when the WSJ does NOT reposition something to support its agenda. Wake me up when the MSM develops some integrity.

COMMENT

But as we pointed out, this is ONE article. We are not willing to identify it yet as a new, full-fledged promotion – a dominant social theme of the elite, or even a sub dominant social theme. Why not? Compare it to the decade long global warming campaign that involved thousands of media outlets, books, articles and think tanks plus the establishment of a UN-based authority, legislative agendas, global conferences, etc.

LILA:

Let me quibble with you on this. Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) was shown to be trumped up. The rest, I suspect to be trumped up as well, but don’t know for sure. Climate-change itself is real enough. The question is if human beings are the prime culprit, and if so, can anything be done about it which wouldn’t be counterproductive.

Other than that, no quarrel with this. The Bell has performed a first-class service to the public and we love you for it.

COMMENT:

To elaborate: Elite campaigns work on a massive scale.

LILA

Aware of this. Have been studying propaganda since 1993 at university, written dozens of research papers [May 3. Addition: unpublished] (some book-length) on the subject..and have two other books on the subject [May 3. Addition: of mass thinking],

COMMENT

They cannot do otherwise. Here at The Bell, we will wait for more indications (in the mainstream media) before deciding if this constitutes a new promotion – a generalized, mainstream media attack on the Mises Institute and Rockwell.

LILA:

IMHO, there is no need for a “new” attack because the old one never stopped. The Bell operates outside the country and may well not be fully aware of how long the campaign against the Miseseans has gone on.  It isn’t some recent invention, nor is it solely “personal antipathy”. There seems to be more to it, as even a sensitive observer can discern. Besides that,  I have heard some of the details from at least one of the horses’ mouths….

COMMENT:

4. One can also make the point that the creation of Boettke’s group is itself a promotion, an intellectual lie because they apparently endorse a softer view of libertarianism and Austrian economics. This conclusion is based on Lew Rockwell’s recitation of events as regards the antipathy of the Kochs toward Mises and the conclusions that can be drawn, both implicitly and explicitly. But Horowitz has just stated that the Boettke group is just as “radical” as Mises et al. There are shades of gray.

LILA:

You are right to look for as much evidence as possible. The less emotional and the more rational the debate, the better. But again, the issue – at least for me – is not about how “radical” Boettke is or isn’t. He might be very well be more radical than I am. I’m no radical. I’m a middle-class moralist who doesn’t admire Marc Rich or irresponsible corporations or charming speculator-rogues. I have no special gripe with teachers or postal workers. I think Dr. Block’s arguments are initially plausible but wrong…disagree with Stephen Kinsella [May 3, Correction: N. Stephan Kinsella] on IP…consider a lot of Miseans unnecessarily shrill, nativist, and not necessarily the least abrasive people in town (although, have you read the language of some of their critics?). I’m sure Peter Boettke and Steve Horwitz are fine human beings. That is not the issue.

The issue is intellectual honesty in public discourse, the incessant revisionism of the media, and whether this particular piece was evidence of an intentional campaign against the Mises folks, a campaign that seems to be intelligence-connected. That seems so in my mind and in the mind of at least one other person who of all people would know.

COMMENT

5 Boettke writes: “But again, I am myopically focused on publications — refereed publication; SSCI ranked journals preferred; or elite university presses.” Is this so terrible? Take the Austrian perspective to formal academia, so long as it is not watered down – and Horowitz says it isn’t. Even if it does depart from the Mises/Rockwell perspective, that doesn’t mean it’s merely paid propaganda? We disagree with Rothbard’s idea that private fractional reserve banking is a criminal enterprise (with resultant criminal consequences). We think the market ought to decide, which is apparently what Boettke thought in 2007.

LILA:

Nobody said anything about Boettke’s research. Boettke isn’t the issue. No one claims his research is “paid propaganda”.

COMMENT

6. Yes, there are shades of gray in the larger debate in our view. In fact, the Kochs and Boettke have a right to back a Hayekian view of Austrian economics, whatever that means, as an alternative to Mises – within a private context. Even Mises wasn’t perfect.

LILA:

I’ve never said Mises was perfect. Or that Boettke has no right to interpret him as he wants. In fact, I’ve often criticized Rothbardian positions…and have wanted to create a middle-way between them and more statist positions. I’m much less doctrinaire than The Bell.  If you read my blog, you’ll see that you’re attributing to me positions I don’t hold. I support LRC in this fracas not because I like their positions (or their outfit) in any unqualified way, but because their version of events seems accurate to me. It has nothing to do with my personal likes. In fact, I can fairly state that I doubt I would get on with several people at LRC and am quite sure I would get on well with the crowd at WSJ and with Ms. Kelly Evans….and with Mr. Boettke and Mr. Horwitz.. if I knew them. There is nothing personal in any of this.

COMMENT

7. The private sector is a great place to exchange viewpoints. The PROBLEM is the use of both public and private mechanisms to create fear-based promotions that end up with legislative conclusions that use the force of law to shape what should be private interactions.

LILA

No quarrel with this

COMMENT

8. One article, in our view, does not constitute a fear-based promotional campaign. Nor does it set the parameters for the larger debate. One article does not do that.

LILA

Yes, one article would not. But this isn’t one article. This positioning and revisionism in relation to the Mises institute has been repeated ad nauseum. And it is the Mises people who have been proved right, more often than not.

COMMENT

If the Kochs are working in concert with a generational familial conspiracy to undermine the Mises Institute, one article is not going to do it. Not one article.

LILA

Again – these aren’t my words.  And, as I also said, it’s not one article.

COMMENT

9. We see no signs of a full-fledged, power-elite PROACTIVE promotional campaign. For the most part, the stance of the elite has not changed yet. The strategy is to ignore the Institute, Rockwell, et. al.

LILA

You’re entitled to your views and they are good ones. They’re very well -presented and sophisticated and are very judiciously expressed. It’s my view, however, that you underestimate what’s going on. I hope I’m wrong and you’re right.

COMMENT

10. One article does not set the parameters for an Austrian dialogue – though it is certainly a thoughtful point. But will need to see more than one article in one newspaper before we are willing to conclude that there is a significant shift in how the elite intends to deal with the problem of the growing mainstream acceptance of free-market  thinking.

LILA

You are right. But you yourself daily point out dozens of similar machinations about supply-side economics and the Tea Party. And you’re ignoring several links posted citing the Kochs’ own comments, showing the influence of intelligence on GMU, and other valid evidence.

COMMENT

You write: “[Boettke’s response] substantiates my earlier comments at Swiss libertarian newsletter The Daily Bell that yesterday’s WSJ piece about the Austrians had everything to do with defining the academic boundaries of what Austrian economics. Our response (if the above is not clear enough): If this single, terrible article is the best that an intergenerational familial banking conspiracy can do to combat the Mises Institute, the power elite has a big problem.

LILA

“Intergenerational family banking conspiracy” are not certainly not my words. I notice Tibor Machan’s recent piece also defended the Kochs. He’s entitled to. And I’m entitled to draw my conclusions. No offense.  Dr. Machan’s personal opinions, like Mr. Boettke’s friends opinions, are not really evidence of anything, except that the Kochs also have friends and supporters who take their part and so has Boettke. By the way, NO OFFENSE/innuendo is intended by this comment in any way. I enjoy reading his pieces.

COMMENT

Of course they DO have a big problem, and not just with Mises. But we will wait a while before concluding that a new front has been opened against Rockwell. We do not see it yet. We will wait for another article, interview, etc. – and then more. We will look for signs of a continued, mainstream media promotion. Without the mainstream you do not HAVE a promotion. Not an elite promotion. One article does not a promotion make. Nor does it redefine the terms of an argument. One article cannot do that. Only a full-scale promotion can, one that involves numerous resources, media outlets, etc.

LILA: One article does not make a promotion, true. But over the last 3 years, I’ve collected dozens/scores of articles by academic libertarians (see here and here) doing the same thing to the Mises Institute  folks, I have seen enough evidence to suit me. Many journalists apparently think they’re fighting the good fight against racism or sexism or anti-Semitism by attacking the Mises folks….as they also did with Rothbard. And as they believed they were doing when they revived various innuendos about Ron Paul .

The day the WSJ publishes an article accurately citing the Mises folks by name for their contributions (love ’em or hate ’em), treating their output and accomplishments fairly and even-handedly, is the day propaganda in the US will give way to journalism.

Do I think Mises is being revived? Actually, yes. But I think the revival is being positioned so as to cut the Mises Institute and Mises.org out of it, along with all the other positions/people believed to be associated with them…

That is, Mises will be repositioned in a way more acceptable to academia. I have no quarrel with that, since that is partly my interest, which is why I try to take into consideration issues of gender, race, and language that libertarians (including The Bell) scorn as PC.

My issue – contra The Bell – is not with Boettke or Kelly Evans – but with the WSJ’s intellectual honesty about Austrian economics.

On that question, the case has long ago been decided.

Update 5:

I’m posting below the money quote from Dr. Boettke’s response. It substantiates my earlier comments at Swiss libertarian newsletter The Daily Bell that yesterday’s WSJ piece about the Austrians had everything to do with defining the academic boundaries of what Austrian economics. The rest of Mises-on-the-web is to be swept under the carpet, along with Jon Stewart shows, raucous blogs, politicians, hard-money cranks, stock-tipsters and other vulgar riff-raff. As these things go, it’s a fair enough statement..albeit a bit sniffy. Professor Boettke proposes peer-review and refereed journals as the gold-standard of intellectual truth.

“I have no doubt that many individuals are doing a better job spreading Austrian ideas in the popular imagination, and I am sure that there are individuals that are producing better scholarship as judged by my peers in the economics profession.  I never claimed otherwise. And, in fact, I have always tried to claim that judgments are always best left to one’s peers, rather than self-assessment.  And, I would like to add, I have tried to be fair in my own judgments of others within the Austrian movement and give credit where credit is due.  But again, I am myopically focused on publications — refereed publication; SSCI ranked journals preferred; or elite university presses. Again, this is all because of the advancement of Austrian ideas in the scientific literature of economics, not in the popular imagination. Perhaps advancing the ideas in the popular imagination requires something different than my admittedly myopic perspective.  I don’t know, but I am betting that for my purposes and that of my students we are going to keep pushing the academic mission.  I don’t want to show up on the Daily Show, nor do I want to appear on the Tonight Show, and I certainly do not want to run for political office. I also don’t offer investment advice by predicting the next downturn in the economy or anticipating the next upswing.  That is not the business I am in.  Others have a comparative advantage in such activities, I don’t.

I have also repeatedly claimed that I do not want to get involved in internet wars, nor do I believe that internet contributions on blogs, etc. are really helping us in the task that I do care about exclusively — advancing the cause of Austrian economics within the economics profession and academia.  I might be wrong.  In fact, I am somewhat caught in a contradiction because I am using blogging to try to pursue my goals of academic advancement of Austrian economics.  My only “defense” is that I try to cultivate a different type of conversation on this blog than what takes place on other Austrian oriented blogs, but I don’t always get what I would like in terms of the discourse.”

Here’s what I said in a comment at The Bell yesterday:

“Perhaps you analysis is erroneous there, because you assume
those distortions are aimed at bamboozling well-read and savvy readers. They aren’t.
They’re intended to establish the boundaries of polite discourse, beyond which it will/should not stray. These boundaries will establish where academic writers will go and who will or won’t be referenced…from wikipedia to journals.

The rewriting is also directed toward popular debate. People’s attention spans are short, most have only recently heard of Austrian economics, and if the WSJ can trade on its reputation to redirect such discussions to its own precincts, there’s nothing to lose.

By the miracle of self-referential citation compounded by google and wikipedia and the tendency of all debates to “move on,” history is constantly being revised in all things, petty and large.

There are only so many people who are spotting and undoing this kind of false history, and they can’t get to all of it fast enough and often enough to undo it completely.”

Update 7

David Kramer’s blog post (cited below) has now, disappeared from the LRC archive. Possibly this is related to his quote about the Fed, since Peter Boettke, apparently, is for abolition of the Fed..at least, theoretically. Kramer might just have come across some quotes out of context. But it also seems that Boettke holds many positions…This isn’t necessarily a bad thing, and I’m willing to believe that he’s not a masquerading statist himself.  However, I still think the WSJ promotion of a Mercatus center professor is no accident.

Update 6

A friend of The Bell who also posts with insight here  responds to my post. I’ve chosen to create a new post to respond.

Update 5:

I’m posting below the money quote from Dr. Boettke’s response. It substantiates my earlier comments at Swiss libertarian newsletter The Daily Bell that yesterday’s WSJ piece about the Austrians had everything to do with defining the academic boundaries of what Austrian economics will be. The rest of Mises-on-the-web is to be swept under the carpet, along with Jon Stewart shows, raucous blogs, politicians, hard-money cranks, stock-tipster and other vulgar riff-raff. As these things go, it’s a fair enough statement..albeit a bit sniffy. Professor Boettke proposes peer-review and refereed journals as the gold-standard of intellectual truth.

“I have no doubt that many individuals are doing a better job spreading Austrian ideas in the popular imagination, and I am sure that there are individuals that are producing better scholarship as judged by my peers in the economics profession.  I never claimed otherwise. And, in fact, I have always tried to claim that judgments are always best left to one’s peers, rather than self-assessment.  And, I would like to add, I have tried to be fair in my own judgments of others within the Austrian movement and give credit where credit is due.  But again, I am myopically focused on publications — refereed publication; SSCI ranked journals preferred; or elite university presses. Again, this is all because of the advancement of Austrian ideas in the scientific literature of economics, not in the popular imagination. Perhaps advancing the ideas in the popular imagination requires something different than my admittedly myopic perspective.  I don’t know, but I am betting that for my purposes and that of my students we are going to keep pushing the academic mission.  I don’t want to show up on the Daily Show, nor do I want to appear on the Tonight Show, and I certainly do not want to run for political office. I also don’t offer investment advice by predicting the next downturn in the economy or anticipating the next upswing.  That is not the business I am in.  Others have a comparative advantage in such activities, I don’t.

I have also repeatedly claimed that I do not want to get involved in internet wars, nor do I believe that internet contributions on blogs, etc. are really helping us in the task that I do care about exclusively — advancing the cause of Austrian economics within the economics profession and academia.  I might be wrong.  In fact, I am somewhat caught in a contradiction because I am using blogging to try to pursue my goals of academic advancement of Austrian economics.  My only “defense” is that I try to cultivate a different type of conversation on this blog than what takes place on other Austrian oriented blogs, but I don’t always get what I would like in terms of the discourse.”

Here’s what I said in a comment at The Bell yesterday:

“Perhaps you analysis is erroneous there, because you assume
those distortions are aimed at bamboozling well-read and savvy readers. They aren’t.
They’re intended to establish the boundaries of polite discourse, beyond which it will/should not stray. These boundaries will establish where academic writers will go and who will or won’t be referenced…from wikipedia to journals.

The rewriting is also directed toward popular debate. People’s attention spans are short, most have only recently heard of Austrian economics, and if the WSJ can trade on its reputation to redirect such discussions to its own precincts, there’s nothing to lose.

By the miracle of self-referential citation compounded by google and wikipedia and the tendency of all debates to “move on,” history is constantly being revised in all things, petty and large.

There are only so many people who are spotting and undoing this kind of false history, and they can’t get to all of it fast enough and often enough to undo it completely.”
Update 4

Response by Peter Boettke, which argues that the responses below from Lew Rockwellians and The Daily Bell mischaracterize his position.

Response by Tibor Machan at The Daily Bell that The Brothers Koch held anarcho-capitalist views from conviction and not because it helped their business. Machan was responding to a Frank Rich piece in The New York Times that extrapolated from an extensive piece by Jane Meyer at The New Yorker on the Kochtopus.

Update 3:

Tom di Lorenzo sets the record straight on the supposed misbehavior of the loosey-goosey Austrians at an uptight occasion (see Wenzel’s blog below) that allegedly resulted in the displacement of LRC from the lap of academic favor.

As Lorenzo points out,  Boettke works at the Koch-funded Mercatus center at George Mason University. I pointed this out myself at The Daily Bell (see below), where the editors were inclined to see the article citing Boettke at the WSJ as sheer happenstance. Would that it were so…

The billionaire Koch brothers, their foundations and funding (the Kochtopus), and the Mises folks go back a long way…

Update 2

Here, Joe Salerno at Mises.org gets into more detail on Boettke’s positions and how Austrian they are.

Update 1

Meanwhile, Bob Wenzel cleverly inserts a photo of the very attractive Ms. Kelly Evans, author of the WSJ piece, into his take, which is that Boettke leads the “uptight” wing of the Austrians.

Wenzel, like The Daily Bell, has respect for Boettke himself and directs his scorn at the WSJ.

ORIGINAL POST:

David Kramer at Lew Rockwell blog points to a fascinating piece of intellectual chicanery from the Wall Street Journal. It manages to discuss Austrian economics without mentioning Von Mises, the Mises Institute, Murray Rothbard, or Lew Rockwell….but does cite Peter Boettke, a DC academic, and Schumpeter, who wasn’t even an Austrian…

KRAMER:

“After you’re done being perplexed by such a ridiculous question from me, let me ask you another question: Have any of you ever heard of Peter Boettke? I thought so. Though there are many of you who have also heard of Boettke, there are also many of you who have not—and I can assure you that you can go to your grave not fretting over that lack of knowledge.

Lila: I’ve actually linked to Peter Boettke a couple of times for pieces he had up at his blog Cato. But anything I learned from him is a cipher next to what I learned from Mises.org or Lewrockwell.com, which I had the great good fortune to discover in 2003. No disrespect meant to Professor Boettke. But a minimal regard for the truth demands that this bit of propaganda have a stake driven through its heart.

KRAMER:

Yet, “somehow,” one of the biggest One World Government propaganda rags—the War Street Journal—wrote a puff piece on Prof. Boettke of George Mason University who (according to this rag) “is emerging as the intellectual standard-bearer for the Austrian school of economic.” Perhaps in the minds of Peter Boettke and the folks at the War Street Journal. Now why in the world would the WSJ print such a baldfaced lie when Boettke could not even shine the shoes of the greatest living Austrian economists in the world today—Hans Hoppe, Walter Block, David Gordon, Joseph Salerno, Guido Hülsmann (I could go on)? Hmmm…could it be…could it be…could it be because Prof. Boettke is still a believer in one of the biggest scams ever perpetrated on human civilization?

“The Fed, he [Boettke] says, should be to make money “as neutral as possible, like the rule of law, which never favors one party over the other.” [You see, folks, there’s a reason for everything. Now you know why the War Street Journal wouldn’t dare publish an article on any of the real Austrian economists I mentioned in the previous paragraph.]

And guess who is the only Austrian (albeit barely) economist that the rag mentions in conjunction with Boettke and the Austrian school of economics? Friedrich Hayek. You know, the “Austrian” economist who once stated that the welfare state works. (I have yet to find out if, at the very least, that was a qualified statement.) I guess that’s why the Socialist members of the Nobel Price committee gave Hayek the Nobel Prize in “Economics” rather than the exponentially superior Ludwig von Mises (the number one Austrian economist—and, for that matter, economist—in history) or Murray Rothbard (the number two Austrian economist—and, for that matter, economist—in history).

Here’s a bit of historical ”ignorance” in the article:

“Mr. Boettke “has done more for Austrian economics, I’d say, than any individual in the last decade,” says Bruce Caldwell, an editor of Mr. Hayek’s collected works.”

“Of course” he has. Forget about a man named Lew Rockwell who started The Mises Institute back in 1982, giving Austrian economists Hans Hoppe, Walter Block, David Gordon, Joseph Salerno, Guido Hülsmann, et al. a central location from which to promote the Austrian school of economics (which, at that time, barely anyone outside of academia—and many even inside academia—had ever even heard of). And forget about Lew Rockwell’s Austrian economics-promoting website lewrockwell.com, which happens to be the number one libertarian website in the world. Even Ron Paul has done more to bring Austrian economics to the attention of the public than Boetkke in the last decade. Of course, Lew and Ron want to end the fed, not “improve” it—as “Austrian” Prof. Boettke implies he wants to in his above-quoted statement.

Lila: A ferocious discussion at The Daily Bell on why (and how) Prof. Boettke might  differ from the Rockwellian/Paulian position.

KRAMER:

This propaganda piece intentionally omitting Mises, [sic] Rothbard, The Mises Institute, Llewellyn Rockwell, et al. in relation to the Austrian school of economics reminded me of two things—one personal and one public.

The personal: Many years ago a friend of mine (whom I suspected of being homosexual) wrote me a long letter about how he had met someone who he was in love with. Yet not only did he not mention the person’s name, he never once used a pronoun in the entire letter!! I wrote back to him goading him into telling me the person’s name. He wrote back to me mentioning the man’s name.

The public: I remember when Murray Rothbard died, The New York Slimes obituary “just happened” to come up with an extremely unflattering photo of Rothbard to accompany the obit rather than this standard one:

I guess it was one of those “unfortunate” lapses that are so “rarely” found in the One World Government media.

By the way, please don’t bother to write me any emails praising Peter Boetkke. I’m sure Peter’s done some fine work—but he is NO Mises, Rothbard, Hans Hoppe, Walter Block, David Gordon, Joseph Salerno, Guido Hülsmann, Robert Murphy, Stephan Kinsella, Roger Garrison, et al.

And when it comes to someone “who has done more for Austrian economics, I’d say, than any individual in the last decade,” the only person on this planet who can lay claim to that monumental, heroic achievement is LLEWELLYN ROCKWELL. (Except it hasn’t been a decade. It has been over a quarter of a century.)

UPDATE: John Grimsley wrote to me to point out a glaring omission in my post:

“You missed one thing in your recent blog post on lewrockwell.com: Peter Boettke isn’t even the “intellectual standard-bearer for the Austrian school of economics” at his own university. That would be Walter Williams.”

Indian revolutionary and mystic Aurobindo Ghosh on why war continues:

“The progress of humanity proceeds by a series of imaginations which the Will in the race turns into accomplished facts and a train of illusions which contain each of them an inevitable truth. The truth is there in the secret Will and Knowledge that are conducting our affairs for us and it reflects itself in the soul of mankind; the illusion is in the shape we give to that reflection, the veil of arbitrary fixations of time, place and circumstance which that deceptive organ of knowledge, the human intellect, weaves over the face of the Truth. Human imaginations are often fulfilled to the letter; our illusions on the contrary find the truth behind them realised most unexpectedly, at a time, in ways, under circumstances far other than those we had fixed for them.

Man’s illusions are of all sorts and kinds, some of them petty though not unimportant, ­ for nothing in the world is unimportant, ­ others vast and grandiose. The greatest of them all are those which cluster round the hope of a perfected society, a perfected race, a terrestrial millennium. Each new idea, religious or social, which takes possession of the epoch and seizes on large masses of men, is in turn to be the instrument of these high realisations; each in turn betrays the hope which gave it its force to conquer. And the reason is plain enough to whosoever chooses to see; it is that no change of ideas or of the intellectual outlook upon life, no belief in God or Avatar or Prophet, no victorious science or liberating philosophy, no social scheme or system, no sort of machinery internal or external can really bring about the great desire implanted in the race, true though that desire is in itself and the index of the goal to which we are being led. Because man is himself not a machine nor a device, but a being and a most complex one at that, therefore he cannot be saved by machinery; only by an entire change which shall affect all the members of his being, can he be liberated from his discords and imperfections.

One of the illusions incidental to this great hope is the expectation of the passing of war. This grand event in human progress is always being confidently expected, and since we are now all scientific minds and rational beings, we no longer expect it by a divine intervention, but assign sound physical and economical reasons for the faith that is in us. The first form taken by this new gospel was the expectation and the prophecy that the extension of commerce would be the extinction of war. Commercialism was the natural enemy of militarism and would drive it from the face of the earth. The growing and universal lust of gold and the habit of comfort and the necessities of increased production and intricate interchange would crush out the lust of power and dominion and glory and battle. Gold-hunger or commodity-hunger would drive out earthhunger, the dharma of the Vaishya would set its foot on the dharma of the Kshatriya and give it its painless quietus. The ironic reply of the gods has not been long in coming. Actually this very reign of commercialism, this increase of production and interchange, this desire for commodities and markets and this piling up of a huge burden of unnecessary necessities has been the cause of half the wars that have since afflicted the human race. And now we see militarism and commercialism united in a loving clasp, coalescing into a sacred biune duality of national life and patriotic aspiration and causing and driving by their force the most irrational, the most monstrous and nearly cataclysmic, the hugest war of modern and indeed of all historic times.

Another illusion was that the growth of democracy would mean the growth of pacifism and the end of war. It was fondly thought that wars are in their nature dynastic and aristocratic; greedy kings and martial nobles driven by earth-hunger and battle-hunger, diplomatists playing at chess with the lives of men and the fortunes of nations, these were the guilty causes of war who drove the unfortunate peoples to the battlefield like sheep to the shambles. These proletariates, mere food for powder, who had no interest, no desire, no battle-hunger driving them to armed conflict, had only to become instructed and dominant to embrace each other and all the world in a free and fraternal amity. Man refuses to learn from that history of whose lessons the wise prate to us; otherwise the story of old democracies ought to have been enough to prevent this particular illusion. In any case the answer of the gods has been, here too, sufficiently ironic. If kings and diplomatists are still often the movers of war, none more ready than the modern democracy to make itself their enthusiastic and noisy accomplice, and we see even the modern spectacle of governments and diplomats hanging back in affright or doubt from the yawning clamorous abyss while angry shouting peoples impel them to the verge. Bewildered pacifists who still cling to their principles and illusions, find themselves howled down by the people and, what is piquant enough, by their own recent comrades and leaders. The socialist, the syndicalist, the internationalist of yesterday stands forward as a banner-bearer in the great mutual massacre and his voice is the loudest to cheer on the dogs of war.

Another recent illusion was the power of Courts of Arbitration and Concerts of Europe to prevent war. There again the course that events immediately took was sufficiently ironic; for the institution of the great Court of International Arbitration was followed up by a series of little and great wars which led by an inexorable logical chain to the long-dreaded European conflict, and the monarch who had first conceived the idea, was also the first to unsheath his sword in a conflict dictated on both sides by the most unrighteous greed and aggression. In fact this series of wars, whether fought in Northern or Southern Africa, in Manchuria or the Balkans, was marked most prominently by the spirit which disregards cynically that very idea of inherent and existing rights, that balance of law and equity upon which alone arbitration can be founded. As for the Concert of Europe, it seems far enough from us now, almost antediluvian in its antiquity, as it belongs indeed to the age before the deluge; but we can remember well enough what an unmusical and discordant concert it was, what a series of fumblings and blunderings and how its diplomacy led us fatally to the inevitable event against which it struggled. Now it is suggested by many to substitute a United States of Europe for the defunct Concert and for the poor helpless Hague tribunal an effective Court of International Law with force behind it to impose its decisions. But so long as men go on believing in the sovereign power of machinery, it is not likely that the gods either will cease from their studied irony.

There have been other speculations and reasonings; ingenious minds have searched for a firmer and more rational ground of faith. The first of these was propounded in a book by a Russian writer which had an enormous success in its day but has now passed into the silence. Science was to bring war to an end by making it physically impossible. It was mathematically proved that with modern weapons two equal armies would fight each other to a standstill, attack would become impossible except by numbers thrice those of the defence and war therefore would bring no military decision but only an infructuous upheaval and disturbance of the organised life of the nations. When the Russo-Japanese war almost immediately proved that attack and victory were still possible and the battlefury of man superior to the fury of his death-dealing engines, another book was published called by a title which has turned into a jest upon the writer, the “Great Illusion”, to prove that the idea of a commercial advantage to be gained by war and conquest was an illusion and that as soon as this was understood and the sole benefit of peaceful interchange realised, the peoples would abandon a method of settlement now chiefly undertaken from motives of commercial expansion, yet whose disastrous result was only to disorganise fatally the commercial prosperity it sought to serve. The present war came as the immediate answer of the gods to this sober and rational proposition. It has been fought for conquest and commercial expansion and it is proposed, even when it has been fought out on the field, to follow it up by a commercial struggle between the belligerent nations.

The men who wrote these books were capable thinkers, but they ignored the one thing that matters, human nature. The present war has justified to a certain extent the Russian writer, though by developments he did not foresee; scientific warfare has brought military movement to a standstill and baffled the strategist and the tactician, it has rendered decisive victory impossible except by overwhelming numbers or an overwhelming weight of artillery. But this has not made war impossible, it has only changed its character; it has at the most replaced the war of military decisions by that of military and financial exhaustion aided by the grim weapon of famine. The English writer on the other hand erred by isolating the economic motive as the one factor that weighed; he ignored the human lust of dominion which, carried into the terms of commercialism means the undisputed control of markets and the exploitation of helpless populations. Again, when we rely upon the disturbance of organised national and international life as a preventive of war, we forget the boundless power of self-adaptation which man possesses; that power has been shown strikingly enough in the skill and ease with which the organisation and finance of peace were replaced in the present crisis by the organisation and finance of war. And when we rely upon Science to make war impossible, we forget that the progress of Science means a series of surprises and that it means also a constant effort of human ingenuity to overcome impossibilities and find fresh means of satisfying our ideas, desires and instincts. Science may well make war of the present type with shot and shell and mines and battleships an impossibility and yet develop and put in their place simpler or more summary means which may bring back an easier organisation of warfare.

So long as war does not become psychologically impossible, it will remain or, if banished for a while, return. War itself, it is hoped, will end war; the expense, the horror, the butchery, the disturbance of tranquil life, the whole confused sanguinary madness of the thing has reached or will reach such colossal proportions that the human race will fling the monstrosity behind it in weariness and disgust. But weariness and disgust, horror and pity, even the opening of the eyes to reason by the practical facts of the waste of human life and energy and the harm and extravagance are not permanent factors; they last only while the lesson is fresh. Afterwards, there is forgetfulness; human nature recuperates itself and recovers the instincts that were temporarily dominated. A long peace, even a certain organisation of peace, may conceivably result, but so long as the heart of man remains what it is, the peace will come to an end; the organisation will break down under the stress of human passions. War is no longer, perhaps, a biological necessity, but it is still a psychological necessity; what is within us, must manifest itself outside.

Meanwhile it is well that every false hope and confident prediction should be answered as soon as may well be by the irony of the gods; for only so can we be driven to the perception of the real remedy. Only when man has developed not merely a fellowfeeling with all men, but a dominant sense of unity and commonalty, only when he is aware of them not merely as brothers, ­ that is a fragile bond, ­ but as parts of himself, only when he has learned to live, not in his separate personal and communal ego-sense, but in a large universal consciousness, can the phenomenon of war, with whatever weapons, pass out of his life without the possibility of return. Meanwhile that he should struggle even by illusions towards that end, is an excellent sign; for it shows that the truth behind the illusion is pressing towards the hour when it may become manifest as reality.”