Cho shot in temple, not yet definitively linked to first shooting

“Dr. William Massello, the assistant state medical examiner based in Roanoke, said Sunday that Cho died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his temple after firing enough shots to wound his 32 victims more than 100 times.

But there was nothing unusual about Cho’s autopsy, he said, and nothing that would have hinted at any psychological problems.”

Also:

Also Sunday, state police said investigators have still been unable to definitively tie Cho to the dormitory where the first two victims were found. One of Cho’s guns was linked to the first shooting, but authorities have no other evidence that ties him to that crime scene.

Keep and Bear Arms – VT Shooting & Guns on Campus

Some comments from Keep and Bear Arms on my article, “More Guns Laws or Fewer Idiots”.
I am posting them, because I want to comment on my implied support for gun-free zones on campus:

QUOTE:

“Taking a momentary aside from the point;- I’ve yet to know any person having undergone the extensive formalities involved with securing for themselves a State-required permit for lawful carry of a concealed weapon as ‘packing heat’. In stark contrast, what is realized by persons who are permitted and other Moral and Conscionable persons, permit required or not–but having assumed their Duty as an American Citizen to provide themselves with Arms for their own Defense is the solemn and additional weight of responsibility for protection of other persons. Forgive my uneducated instinct, but a measure of transparency is indicated within the wording used by an ex-English teacher Lila Rajiva, suggestive that she herself does not ’pack heat’.


Comment by: Slowburn 2 (4/19/2007)
The Crucial Understanding.At the risk of insulting the intelligence of Lila Rajiva, my impression is such and open to any necessary correction; that specific decisions were in fact made by at least two ‘authorities’, Faculty and State legislators–the former prohibiting the carrying of a personal defense weapon even by ‘qualified’ individuals under the penalty of expulsion, and the latter failing to Secure the “Right” of individuals to carry a firearm for defensive purposes on campus. Regardless of their intent–such persons have in fact committed Immoral Offenses.
(Cont’d)



Comment by: Slowburn 3 (4/19/2007)
For certain ‘authorities’ to intentionally and knowingly establish laws, prohibitions or penalties depriving only those who would abide by such laws and prohibitions from possessing an implement which another person could readily use against them in a “Rights”-Violating Act is Immoral.
This primary and most fundamental principle is
EXACTLY WHAT MUST BE UNDERSTOOD or NOTHING HAS BEEN UNDERSTOOD AT ALL.

My Comment:

My position on the bearing of arms on campus has not been extensively thought out, and I admit that I did not know that on many campuses (including that of George Washington University – see the posts on legal issues raised on Chris Wallace’s show), security personnel do not (or can not) carry weapons. That – to me – is amazing, considering the very open nature of many campuses.

I don’t actually object to guns on campuses (which are often sprawling, dangerous places), but then, what happens in a classroom? Are we going to have metal detectors and frisking before each class, or is the teacher supposed to be able to deliver herself of a lecture on Rousseau and a few rounds from a firearm with equal aplomb should she become the target of, say, a student irate about his grades?

That goes a shade beyond the traditional requirement of faculty to maintain discipline, it seems to me….

In a confined space, as in a lab or a classroom or a plane, the same rules should not obtain – since people are not equally able to protect themselves or move out of danger. At least, that’s my intuitive thought on this.
There ought to be an argument here that by-passes the “rights” language altogether, thereby leaving the second amendment substantively uninfringed.

I need to think about this a lot more, though, before I feel I can stake out a position one way or other. In any case, I admit the use of the phrase “packing heat” was intended to load an argument I made on intuitive grounds that the classroom situation is analytically different.

One way to go is suggested by Alexander Cockburn in a recent Counterpunch article:

“A better idea would be for appropriately screened teachers and maybe student monitors to carry weapons. A quarter of a century ago students doing military ROTC training regularly carried rifles around campus. US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia recently recalled regularly traveling on the New York subway system as a student with his rife. Perhaps there should be guns in wall cases, behind glass, at strategic points around campuses, like those fire axes, usually with menacing signs about improper use.”

Get rid of psychiatric drugs, not guns he said. And then bring in the posse.

About time, probably.

VTech-Campus Police Chief led Morva Hunt

Flinchum, the campus police chief was the guy who led the hunt for William Morva, the escaped survivalist who killed security personnel. He became head of the campus police, in December 2005. Said to be very conscientious and unflappable, according to this report:


“Virginia Tech’s administration gave Flinchum the chief’s job in December after a nationwide search that produced 90 candidates. As chief, he is responsible for an 85-member department and the security on the 2,600-acre main campus and more than 26,000 students.

The department earned its third national accreditation and is one of only 35 university police departments nationally with that distinction.

Before his selection, Flinchum had served as Tech’s interim police chief since July 1. He led the Tech department’s response in August when a Montgomery County prisoner escaped from custody at a local hospital. County police said the prisoner killed a security guard during the escape attempt and then a county deputy sheriff on a hiking trail near the university campus.”

Odd – so this is supposed to be a cracker-jack team with a very competent chief. Not to be rude, but what do the lazy ones look like? A scary thought.

I do understand that hindsight can distort perception and make something that was very ambiguous at the time look like a dead cert. in retrospect, but I seriously doubt whether an objective person would look at this and not see massive failure.

Cho’s Reading Material, Email Accounts

This is a PDF file of the contents found from the search of Cho’s room.

I missed this early morning report from AP on Forbes.com in which ebay denies that Cho bought a gun through it (I think eBay is referring to an earlier report saying he ordered the gun through the internet and then picked it up later from a pawnshop, a report I have cited in earlier posts. I will check if that’s the one that is now being refuted, and if so, will correct it).

“During the past 24 hours some news outlets have erroneously reported that Mr. Seung-Hui Cho may have purchased on eBay (nasdaq: EBAY news people ) ammunition used in his crimes. To be perfectly clear, guns and ammunition are not permitted on eBay. Mr. Cho did not purchase guns or ammunition on our site,” the company said in a statement.

eBay said Cho did purchase empty ammunition clips and a gun holster from the site, noting that the unregulated items can be legally purchased and sold on the site and in retail stores in the United States.

This from AP. Not only did Cho purchase empty ammo clips from a vendor in Idaho through eBay, he also

Quote:
“used the eBay account to sell items ranging from Hokies football tickets to horror-themed books, some of which [3] were assigned in one of his classes.

A search warrant affidavit filed Friday stated that investigators wanted to search Cho’s e-mail accounts, including the address Blazers5505@hotmail.com. Durzy confirmed Cho used the same blazers5505 handle on eBay.

Virginia State Police spokeswoman Corinne Geller said investigators are “aware of the eBay activity that mirrors” the Hotmail account.

One question investigators hope to answer is whether Cho had any e-mail contact with Emily Hilscher, one of the first two victims. Investigators plan to search her Virginia Tech e-mail account.

Experts say that when the subject of an investigation is a loner like Cho, his computers and cell phone can be a rich source of information. Authorities say Cho had a history of sending menacing text messages and other communications — written and electronic.

On March 22, Cho bought at least two 10-round magazines for the Walther P22. A day later, he made a purchase from a vendor named “oneclickshooting,” which sells gun accessories and other items. It appears that he bought three Walther P22 clips in that purchase, but the seller could not be reached for comment.

Cho sold tickets to Virginia Tech sporting events, including last year’s Peach Bowl. He sold a Texas Instruments graphics calculator that contained several games, most of them with mild themes.

“The calculator was used for less than one semester then I dropped the class,” Cho wrote on the site.

He also sold many books about violence, death and mayhem. Several of those books were used in his English classes, meaning Cho simply could have been selling used books at the end of the semester.His eBay rating was superb — 98.5 percent. That means he received one negative rating from people he dealt with on eBay, compared with 65 positive.

“great ebayer. very flexible,” the buyer said of his Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl tickets, which went for $182.50.

Andy Koch, Cho’s roommate from 2005-06, said he never saw Cho receive or send a package, although he didn’t have much interaction with the shooter. Students can sign up for a free lottery on a game-by-game basis, and the tickets are free.

“We took him to one football game,” he said. “We told him to sign up for the lottery, and he went and he left like in the third quarter, and that was it. He never went again. He never went to another game.”

Cho sold the books on the eBay-affiliated site half.com. They include “Men, Women, and Chainsaws” by Carol J. Clover, a book that explores gender in the modern horror film. Others include “The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre”; and “The Female of the Species: Tales of Mystery and Suspense” by Joyce Carol Oates — a book in which the publisher writes: “In these and other gripping and disturbing tales, women are confronted by the evil around them and surprised by the evil they find within themselves.”

Books by those three authors were taught in his Contemporary Horror class.”

End of Quote

My Comment:

The Lovecroft and Oates are pretty standard fare. I don’t know the other book. I fed myself a steady diet of horror stories, including Poe, Sheridan Le Fanu and Stevenson, in my teens. But I expect there will be some ranting about what is taught in English departments.

It will be interesting to see what people can find on eBay with Cho’s handle on it.

CHO ON EBAY

This is what’s on eBay:

blazers5505

(64Feedback is 50 to 99)

Feedback Score: 64
Positive Feedback: 98.5%
Member since Jan-19-04 in United States

Shipping methods: Media Mail/Ground | Ships from: Blacksburg, VA

And this:

Half.com Item
Item #: 340169354660
Item Category: Books
Price: $5.25
Buyer: ravenwolfie
Seller: blazers5505

http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:pLzHLl4kNnUJ:cart.half.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll%3FAnonymousTransactionDetail%26transidentity%3D340169354660:327589492+blazers5505&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us&lr=lang_en&client=firefox-a

This is Cho on a page rating another eBay buyer imabiddy22

 

Good buyer

 

Seller
blazers5505(64Feedback score is 50 to 99)

  Jan-16-07   200043065708  

This page also contains a seller, jellyfromctown. Jelly was a name that Cho is supposed to have mentioned at one time- an imaginary girl-friend.

 

Seller
jellyfromc-town(369Feedback score is 100 to 499)

  Nov-20-06

http://myworld.ebay.com/imabiddy22/

Here he is rating newyorkjetsfan4lif, also on eBay MyWorld:

 

Good

 

Buyer
blazers5505(64Feedback score is 50 to 99)

  Oct-21-06  

Here he is selling Microfiction on Half.com on eBay:

rice Seller
(Feedback)
Comments Shipping Ships From

http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:U2V2twR3nWcJ:product.half.ebay.com/Micro-Fiction_W0QQprZ155305QQtgZinfo+blazers5505&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us&lr=lang_en&client=fi

refox-a

And here he is selling the Oates book on Half.com on eBay again:

Price Seller
(Feedback)
Comments Shipping Ships From

http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:tzSuu1cWTPIJ:product.half.ebay.com/The-Female-Of-The-Species_W0QQtgZinfoQQprZ45574750+blazers5505&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=us&lr=lang_en&client=firefox-a

This is a page with several books. Not having sold on eBay, I would like clarification if these are all books he had for sale, as it looks to be. Clicking on the pages, finds most are not available. Will go through them again.

blazers5505

(59Feedback is 50 to 99)

Feedback Score: 59
Positive Feedback: 98.4%
Member since Jan-19-04 in United States

Shipping methods: Media Mail/Ground | Ships from: Blacksburg, VA

 Add to Favorite Sellers

 View seller’s items for sale on eBay

Books Books
15 items

Sorted by: Bestselling Sorting by Bestselling | Price | Alphabetical | Publication Year

 Best of H.P. Lovecraft: H. P. Lovecraft
(Paperback, Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre, 1982)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Great condition. More info…

$8.00 buy

 Cathedral: Raymond Carver
(Paperback, 1989)

Condition: Brand New
Seller Comments: Brand new More info…

$6.00 buy

 Hell House: Richard Matheson
(Paperback, 1999)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Great condition. More info…

$9.00 buy

 Fiction Writer’s Workshop: Josip Novakovich
(Paperback, 1998)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Great condition. More info…

$6.00 buy

 Ten Little Indians: Sherman Alexie
(Paperback, 2004)

Condition: Brand New
Seller Comments: Brand new More info…

$3.99 buy

 John Donne’s Poetry: John Donne
(Paperback, Authoritative Texts, Criticism, 1991)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$9.00 buy

 Jean-Paul Sartre: Stephen Priest
(Paperback, Basic Writings, 2001)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$19.00 buy

 Playwriting
(Paperback, 1997)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$29.00 buy

 Micro Fiction
(Paperback, An Anthology of Really Short Stories, 1996)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$8.14 buy

 The Female Of The Species: Joyce Carol Oates
(Hardcover, Tales Of Mystery And Suspense, 2006)

Condition: Brand New
Seller Comments: Brand New More info…

$4.49 buy

 Men, Women, and Chainsaws: Carol J. Clover
(Paperback, Gender in the Modern Horror Film, 1993)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Great condition More info…

$25.00 buy

 A Guide to the Norton Reader, Tenth Edition: John C. Brereton, Linda H. Peterson
(Binding Unknown, 2000)

Condition: Brand New
Seller Comments: Brand new More info…

$9.99 buy

 Feeding the Ghosts: Fred D’Aguiar
(Hardcover, 1999)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$1.25 buy

 Sabbath Night In The Church Of The Piranha: Edward Falco
(Paperback, New And Selected Stories, 2005)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$2.50 buy

 Exploring Poetry: Frank Madden
(Paperback, Writing and Thinking About Poetry, 2002)

Condition: Like New
Seller Comments: Like new More info…

$5.49 buy

And here is a report with a second email account – SC2@vt.edu, which was his school account.

Other Information on Cho’s Records:
1.Blazers5505@hotmail.com was the account used to purchase the gun and was used last in February, according to a police affidavit.

2. Emily Hilscher, one of Cho’s first victims (7:15 am 4/16 in West Ambler Johnston Hall) had the following e-mail address, epixie@vt.edu. Police are investigating whether she had a connection with him.

3. The affidavit states that Cho made regular calls home on Sunday evenings. The police are checking the records for any announcement of his actions on Monday.

(Note from LR – I have moved the autopsy findings to my post on More Oddities. Sorry, some of this material needs to be reorganized on the posts).

More Oddities in V-Tech Shooting

Jihadi and Psyops Speculations:

The blogs, left and right, have their theories about Cho.

The right-wing blogs are concerned about the jihadi aspects of the case – viz., the name Ismail (need to verify exact spelling) Ax in ink on Cho’s arm and on the return address of the video packet sent to NBC; also his high kill rate and the execution-style killing (using a chain purchased at Home Depot to fasten outer doors of Norris Hall) and the use of words like al-qaed and anti-terror in the files on the video sent to NBC.

The left wing blogs are looking at the possibility of a military psy-op of some kind. They are noting that Cho’s sister, who graduated from Princeton, worked for the government. This is the piece that is heading the popular wordpress blog posts on the subject now:

Quote:

“His older sister, Sun-Kyung, graduated from Princeton University in 2004. A source, who asked to be identified as a senior Administration official, said she works for McNeil Technologies, a firm contracted by the State Department to manage reconstruction efforts in Iraq (my emphasis). Woh. Ok. Stop right there.

“What does McNeil Technologies do?

“Oh, the usual black bag intelligence agency cut out kind of stuff… Actually, there’s more here than you can shake a stick at.

“The McNeil Technologies Services page lists the following categories: Language Services, Information Management Services, Program Support Services, Security Services, Intelligence Services.”

End of quote.

My Comment: I honestly don’t know if that’s enough to go on, since DC is filled with people who work for the government in some way or other. I taught at a school in the area for a while, and there were people on the school board, connected to the US government and to the CIA, but the school functioned as any school would. Intelligence is a huge business and recruiters look for people with language skills. Since they pay well, first or second generation immigrants are often attracted to that kind of work – which is mostly not cloak and dagger stuff. So, it’s interesting, certainly, but proves nothing much, IMHO.

However, I did find this rather odd:

“Cho’s high school has produced TWO psychotic young adults who went on gun rampages within one year of each other. Last May, Michael Kennedy, a student at Westfield High School in Chantilly, Virginia, went on a shooting rampage at a police station, killing two police officers before being fatally shot himself (my emphasis). Authorities consider this just a “horrible coincidence”. Adding to the coincidence is that Michael’s father, Brian Kennedy, was just recently released from jail in charges related to that killing. In fact, he was due in court the day after the Cho killings.”

Take a look at this article, cited in the above post, which details the trove of weapons found in Kennedy’s possession:

“The nightmare began May 8, 2006, around 3:40 p.m., when Michael Kennedy carjacked a van and drove into the rear lot of the Sully District Police Station. Unarmed, Garbarino was inside his cruiser after his shift, preparing to leave on vacation. Suddenly, from a few yards away, Kennedy fired more than 20 rounds at him with an AK-47 rifle.

“Garbarino was struck five times; yet though gravely wounded and in pain, he radioed other officers, alerting them to the danger. He provided suspect information, directed responding officers and told the police helicopter where to land.

“Armel went outside to respond to the carjacking and, when she reached her cruiser, Kennedy arrived and began shooting at Garbarino. Drawing Kennedy’s fire away from Garbarino, she and Kennedy exchanged gunfire, and a bullet from his 30.06-caliber rifle pierced her ballistic vest and struck her in the chest.

“ARMED WITH FIVE handguns, an AK-47 assault weapon, a high-powered rifle and more than 300 rounds of ammunition, Kennedy fired 70 rounds-plus before other officers killed him. Later that night, armed with a warrant, Det. Craig Paul and other police officers searched Kennedy’s home at 6200 Prince Way for three hours, seizing a veritable arsenal of weapons and more than 2,500 rounds of ammunition.

“The indictment states that Brian Kennedy illegally possessed 20 firearms, including an AK-47 and several bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles and shotguns. He also owned a large variety of handguns — among them a .38 Special Taurus and a 9 mm Luger Commander semi-automatic pistol.

“Weapons were everywhere in the Kennedy home; the inventory list of items seized is 10 pages long. Under the mattress in the master bedroom were a Colt 9 mm handgun with one round in the chamber and a leather sheath containing a 9-inch knife. On the nightstand were a bayonet plus high-velocity ammunition for a Remington, semi-automatic shotgun.

“A Smith & Wesson knife was under the left, loveseat cushion in the living room, and both a 12-gauge shotgun and a 22-caliber long rifle stood in the corner of the hallway to the basement. An M80 explosive was tucked inside a kitchen cabinet to the right of the stove, and an Atlanta Sharptec knife was stored in the ceiling above the utility-room door.”

My Comment: Whew! My interest is not only in the coincidence of a psychiatric killer with multiple weapons coming out of the same high school, but also in what that suggests about VA Tech police procedures.

Surely, as a state school and with the state already having encountered this classic school shooter incident, they would have had specialized training and a specialized response ready. But they didn’t, despite this shooting and then the Morva shooting, in just the previous year. It would be good to find out why the record of arson and stalking at the school – which they knew about – did not lead them to suspect Cho in the bomb threats – at least to the extent of questioning him.

More on Psyops:

This other thread here strikes me as much more speculative but not unworthy of investigation.

For me right now, though, these are the questions I want to pursue:

Main Questions:

1. What accounts for the failure to enter Cho’s psychiatric condition into the state or federal record (do I have this right)? Or for the university not following up in some way on his treatment?

2. What accounts for the failure of the police to close down the campus after two people were killed and there were two recent bomb threats? Also, the behavior of the police was extremely lax, as this piece by Alexander Cockburn, indicates.

3. Where or how did Cho acquire his expertise in shooting?

4. How does the methodical nature of the killing and the posting of a video in the middle of it all square with the rest of the profile we have of Cho?

5. Cho is said to have had a speech impediment or autism early on, but on the video his voice seems clear enough. Puzzled.

Oddities with regard to possessions and contacts:

I have posted this separately, but felt the contents of his room, emails, and books also warranted classification as oddities, as they may contain clues to his state of mind and his connections:

Contents of Search Warrant

Here is a list of items found in Cho’s room. As you can see there are not video games (so far). I mentioned earlier that the Counterstrike obsession may have been more a rumor set off by accounts from high school classmates that were never fully substantiated, because Karan Grewal, his suite mate said that he never saw evidence of it. But I would still like to learn more.

Results of search of his room, courtesy of gaygamer:

*Chain from top left closet shelf
• Folding knife & combination padlock
• Compaq computer from desktop
• Assorted documents, notepads, writings from desktop
• Combination lock
• Dremel tool and case
• Nine books, two notebooks, envelopes, from top shelf
• Assorted books & pads from lower shelf
• Compact discs from desktops
• Items from desktop & drawers: winchester multi tool, 3 notebooks, mail, checks, credit card
• Items from 2nd door: Kodak digital camera, Citibank statement
• Two cases of compact discs from dresser top
• Drive: Seagate: 80 Gb
• Six sheets of green computer paper
• Mirror with blue plastic housing
• Dremel tool box with receipt
• Dell Latitude service tag

More about those books and CDs from this report:

“Cho, 23, also used the eBay account to sell items ranging from Hokies football tickets to horror-themed books, some of which were assigned in one of his classes.

A search warrant affidavit filed Friday stated that investigators wanted to search Cho’s e-mail accounts, including the address Blazers5505@hotmail.com. Durzy confirmed Cho used the same blazers5505 handle on eBay.

Virginia State Police spokeswoman Corinne Geller said investigators are “aware of the eBay activity that mirrors” the Hotmail account.

One question investigators hope to answer is whether Cho had any e-mail contact with Emily Hilscher, one of the first two victims. Investigators plan to search her Virginia Tech e-mail account.

Experts say that when the subject of an investigation is a loner like Cho, his computers and cell phone can be a rich source of information. Authorities say Cho had a history of sending menacing text messages and other communications — written and electronic.

On March 22, Cho bought at least two 10-round magazines for the Walther P22. A day later, he made a purchase from a vendor named “oneclickshooting,” which sells gun accessories and other items. It appears that he bought three Walther P22 clips in that purchase, but the seller could not be reached for comment.

Cho sold tickets to Virginia Tech sporting events, including last year’s Peach Bowl. He sold a Texas Instruments graphics calculator that contained several games, most of them with mild themes.

“The calculator was used for less than one semester then I dropped the class,” Cho wrote on the site.

He also sold many books about violence, death and mayhem. Several of those books were used in his English classes, meaning Cho simply could have been selling used books at the end of the semester.

His eBay rating was superb — 98.5 percent. That means he received one negative rating from people he dealt with on eBay, compared with 65 positive.

“great ebayer. very flexible,” the buyer said of his Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl tickets, which went for $182.50.

Andy Koch, Cho’s roommate from 2005-06, said he never saw Cho receive or send a package, although he didn’t have much interaction with the shooter. Students can sign up for a free lottery on a game-by-game basis, and the tickets are free.

“We took him to one football game,” he said. “We told him to sign up for the lottery, and he went and he left like in the third quarter, and that was it. He never went again. He never went to another game.”

Cho sold the books on the eBay-affiliated site half.com. They include “Men, Women, and Chainsaws” by Carol J. Clover, a book that explores gender in the modern horror film. Others include “The Best of H.P. Lovecraft: Bloodcurdling Tales of Horror and the Macabre”; and “The Female of the Species: Tales of Mystery and Suspense” by Joyce Carol Oates — a book in which the publisher writes: “In these and other gripping and disturbing tales, women are confronted by the evil around them and surprised by the evil they find within themselves.”

End of Quote
My Comment:
I have more on the eBay handle in my post about Cho’s emails/books (see categories, where I have classified the VTech posts into three categories. Obviously, they overlap, but they will help organize the posts into materal that relates to

1. The failure of the police response

(including nature of killings, wounds, crime scene footage, autopsy, victim and witness accounts)
2. The Psychiatric/Legal failure

(centering around the history of pathological or criminal failure, the laws of privacy, the failure to report or follow up on these, lack of information given to the Feds, failure of the background check to find Cho’s history, gun laws and policy, mental illness and civil rights laws, privacy laws).

3. The theories and evidence for some kind of terrorist or intelligence related activity

(centering around Cho, including the Ismail Ax name and related material. Much of the material will overlap with the other categories too).

Final Oddity:

A report on the crime scene has this:
“Crime scene technicians recovered 17 spent magazines of ammunition, the majority of which were for Cho’s 9mm handgun, a law enforcement official said.

“He ended up buying a load of mags from Wal-Mart and Dick’s Sporting Goods,” said an official, who asked not to be identified. “This was a thought-out process. He thought this through.”

Autopsy:
I am adding this quote about the autopsy findings, which show repeated shooting at the victims, as it is also peculiar:

“The reports on the victims, including Cho, show that he caused more than 100 wounds, hitting victims several times,”

This is from an earlier report on the multiple wounds –

” The official said investigators believed that most of the 32 dead were shot a minimum of three times, and that many of the 28 wounded were shot more than once.”

Partly answering one of my questions (how did he get so good at shooting) is this account of his practicing in the week before the killing. Obviously that doesn’t explain the whole thing, but taken together with the account of his getting up early and going to the gym, you can see he practiced for this).

“In the weeks before the violence, the investigator said, Cho went to a shooting range in Blacksburg, not far from campus, spending an hour practicing with the weapons and buying more magazines there.

“Investigators believe, based on interviews with an employee at the range, that Cho recorded part of his video statement in a van in the range parking lot because, they said, the employee described an Asian youth recording himself there.”

On Sunday, state police also indicated that so far they have not definitely been able to tie Cho to the first killing at Ambler Johnston, although his gun was “linked” to it.

(My Comment: Was it used there, found there, or did the bullets match up..more research needed here? Needs clarification).

There is still a possibility, in other words, that there could have been two different killers. The whole scenario of Cho killing two people and then walking a couple of miles to and fro to post his videos (at least, the reports I read did not mention that he drove), in time to massacre 30 more students does seem strange to me, although, you don’t really expect normalcy in this sort of business.

Chris Wallace – Psychiatric/legal issues at V. Tech

Chris Wallace on FOX this morning ( 9 AM) on how universities are ham strung with regard to psychiatric illness and privacy laws.

Lt Gov. Bill Bolling is talking about Va. law and how it conflicts with federal law on guns. Bolling has previously supported concealed weapons on campus and Wallace asks if that would have prevented the V. Tech shooting.

Bolling replies that he is unwilling – probably wisely – to take on the gun debate at this point.

The George Washington University (in Washington, DC) president is on. Notes that GW security police is unarmed (??).

Arlen Specter (Republican Senator from Pennsylvania) suggests that state law should be brought into conformity with federal law and that a national repository of information should exist. He admits there was a definite failure of communication between state and federal agents. He proposed national legislation to this end. (Needs further clarification)

Charles Schumer (Democrat Senator from New York) is on. He has legislation in the works to give money to states to update their registry to fit federal requirements. NRA advocates have teamed up with Democrats on this previously.

Chris Wallace asks why not push for a renewal of the assault weapons ban which expired. Asks if Schumer hasn’t done so because it is a political loser.

Again, here is the review panel appointed to study what happened at V Tech:

Independent review panel (appointed by Governor Timothy Kaine of Virginia)

1.Headed by Retired Virginia State Police Superintendent Col. Gerald Massengill.Massengill, 64, led the state’s response to the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the Pentagon and the 2002 sniper attacks in the Washington area, says this Washington Post story.

2. Former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge

3. Gordon Davies, Director for the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia for 20 years.

4. Diane Strickland, who served as a judge of the 23rd Judicial Circuit Court in Roanoke County, Roanoke and Salem between 1989 and 2003 and a victim assistance expert from Fairfax county5. Carroll Ann Ellis, director of the Fairfax County Police Department’s Victim Services Division on the review panel.

6. FBI retiree Roger L. Depue, former administrator of the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.

7. Child and adolescent psychiatrist Aradhana A. “Bela” Sood. 

8. Dr. Marcus L. Martin of the University of Virginia School of Medicine.
http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/breaking/wb/113294

On Friday, Richard Bonnie, chairman of the Virginia Supreme Court’s Commission on Mental Health Law Reform, stated that a special justice’s order in late 2005 that directed Cho to seek outpatient treatment and declared him to be mentally ill and an imminent danger to himself fits the federal criteria and should have immediately disqualified him.

Currently, only 22 states submit any mental health records to the federal National Instant Criminal Background Check System, the FBI said in a statement on Thursday. Virginia is the leading state in reporting disqualifications based on mental health criteria for the NICS system, the statement said.

But Virginia state law on mental health disqualifications to firearms purchases is worded slightly differently from the federal statute. So the form that Virginia courts use to notify the state police about a mental health disqualification only addresses the state criteria, which lists two potential categories that would warrant notification to the state police – someone who was “involuntarily committed” or ruled mentally “incapacitated.”

My Comment:

So, the problem was that Cho went “voluntarily” and wasn’t ruled incapacitated.

But didn’t anyone realize the potential danger here. OK. the two VTech students didn’t press stalking charges, but what happened to the arson charge? How does that not pose a threat to anyone else? Didn’t any of the teachers, like Nikki Giovanni, who found him so intimidating in class, want to find out where he was with his treatment?

Here’s a comment from one of the students (I think he was in Edward Falco’s class):

Before Cho got to class that day, we students were talking to each other with serious worry about whether he could be a school shooter. I was even thinking of scenarios of what I would do in case he did come in with a gun, I was that freaked out about him. When the students gave reviews of his play in class, we were very careful with our words in case he decided to snap. Even the professor didn’t pressure him to give closing comments.

After hearing about the mass shootings, I sent one of my friends a Facebook message asking him if he knew anything about Seung Cho and if he could have been involved. He replied: “dude that’s EXACTLY what I was thinking! No, I haven’t heard anything, but seriously, that was the first thing I thought when I heard he was Asian.”

While I “knew” Cho, I always wished there was something I could do for him, but I couldn’t think of anything. As far as notifying authorities, there isn’t (to my knowledge) any system set up that lets people say “Hey! This guy has some issues! Maybe you should look into this guy!” If there were, I definitely would have tried to get the kid some help. I think that could have had a good chance of averting yesterday’s tragedy more than anything.”

My Comment:

Cho went voluntarily to police, and they referred him to a mental health agency off campus, Flinchum said. A counselor recommended involuntary commitment, and a judge signed an order saying he “presents an imminent danger to self or others” and sent him to a psychiatric hospital for evaluation.


Sounds like bureaucratic confusion and disconnect.

More in this Time article about the responsibility of the University and possible questions with Virginia state law:

“But Virginia Tech is a state institution, and Virginia is a state where the doctrine of sovereign immunity remains quite robust. That doctrine, a relic of English common law, essentially says the state can do no wrong because the state creates the law and thus cannot be subject to it. Many states have relaxed sovereign immunity and made it possible for victims of, say, botched operations to sue state hospitals. But Krauss of George Mason University says the Virginia Tech victims’ families would probably have to seek an exception to sovereign immunity from the Supreme Court of Virginia in order to sue the school. There’s a simpler way: Steger, the university president, should stop withholding documents on how the university mishandled Cho and take responsibility for his school’s lax approach. And then he should resign.”

Virginia Tech – Video Footage and Police Response, 4/16

Here is a link to some video footage shot by Martin Arvebro and Carl Nordin, two Swedish students who were visiting the campus:

http://www.roanoke.com/multimedia/wb/113323

(it’s also in my earlier post profiling Cho)

From Wired Blog comes this cell phone footage of the V-Tech campus with the sound of multiple gun shots in the background. Jamal Albarghouti is the V-Tech student who shot the cellphone video. He mentioned on CNN that he shot the footage on a Nokia N70.

This is also from Wired Blog. It’s the V. Tech websmaster’s account of the police response following the shootings. He talks about the police response after 11 am on the 16th, I presume, by when the massacre had ended. Even while applauding police cooperation, he mentions this (my emphasis):

“This was a multiple-agency response and there is little interoperability — but the police still got the job done.”

Question: Hmm..does that mean that there was no setup allowing these different teams to coordinate readily? More information and explanation needed here.

Here are the teams involved:

Virginia Tech Police Department was (and is) the lead

Blacksburg PD ( not clear whether they had joint jurisdiction)

Montgomery County Sheriff’s Department

Virginia State Police.

This is a map of the area showing the distance between West Ambler Johnston Hall where the first two killings took place at 7:15 AM on 4/16/2007 and Norris Hall where the other 30 victims were shot at between 9: 15 and 9: 30 AM (approximately – needs further verifications) and where the killer eventually shot himself.

Apparently, the police paradigm that was operative was that of the active shooter, which is

“… an armed person who has used deadly physical force on other persons and continues to do so while having unrestricted access to additional victims.”

(This includes snipers, but not usually bombers).

Question: Why would the police not believe they had a bomber around with the previous bomb threats on April 3 and April 13 (only 3 days earlier, that is, on Friday before the Monday on which the shootings took place)?

Why wouldn’t they also have a bomb threat plan in place — in addition to the sniper response?

‘Active shooter’ often entails a specialized response that has been developed in recent years called the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment. Here, the normal tactic of police to delay a confrontation to keep their casualties down is altered to allow the first police responder to get past casualties on the scene, make contact with the shoote and, often, to confront him and take control of the environment.

IARD is appropriate for armed intruders into school areas, attacks with edged weapons, attacks by shooters, attacks or carrying of explosives, and nuclear, chemical and biological weapons attacks. It’s also appropriate in certain locations, where victims are confined while in imminent danger, like schools, day-care centers, high-rise structures, sporting events, hospitals, office complexes.

IARD is said to have been developed in response to the increasing presence of suicide/killer threats, including the proliferation of school shootings.

According to wiki, IARD is only properly used when there’s been appropriate training and ballistic shields and tactical armor are also available, which let the police get into close gun battles with the sniper/shooter. The difference with established police practice is that in the active shooter cases, the usual practice of containment and negotiation do not work, as the shooter is prepared to commit suicide.

As this article, “Patrolling the New Homeland,” Law and Order Magazine, May, 2005″ indicates, IARD allows patrol and/or SWAT personnel to initiate a response after a firearm is fired and the killing spree has begun.

Question: I am not clear from this whether the IARD is the only response to the ‘active shooter’ paradigm or whether it is only one specialized response.

The Columbine High School shooting (April 20, 1999 in Littleton, Colorado) was formative in SWAT tactics and police response, in that street officers were trained to take immediate action without waiting for the SWAT team to arrive.

This Christian Science Monitor article quotes David Klinger, a criminologist at the University of Missouri in St. Louis, on the “profound shift” nationwide to the new escalated tactics. IARD wasn’t really new – it had been offered in police training during the 1990s, but Columbine created the psychological shock necessary for police everywhere to feel the need for it, says the CSM piece (cf. “The Copy-Cat Effect” – see prior post on this). Could this psychological shock have been created unintentionally (and there is always the possibility, intentionally) by media replaying of the crime?

IARD was controversial not least for its expense ($5000 per police officer) and so was not uniformly adopted.

Question: Was IARD operational at V Tech or not? If so, what caused the delay of two hours, a delay IARD is specifically intended to circumvent?

Here is a student account of police reponse:

9:50 A.M.

We started hearing sirens outside of our building. We took it as nothing, [because] we hear police sirens around campus all the time. It was just slightly strange that we heard them during the day. Soon, the 13 of us heard an ambulance in front of our building. We took it as another bomb threat — we had been getting bomb threats in April that ended up being hoaxes.

We started getting concerned when the sirens increased in volume. The professor looked out the window with us, and we saw police cars and ambulances out on the Drillfield. Students were walking away from our building. Police officers were assembling on the sidewalk. Large black vans appeared.

My Comment:

9:50 is when the sirens went off…after the second shooting (which were apparently nothing out of the ordinary and thus not a very effective tool for alerting the campus )

Apparently, the police also thought the bomb threats were hoaxes although on the 16th obviously something did place. This part seems very odd to me. How could they not have connected the bomb threats with the killing?

Here is the University response:

“Virginia Tech President Charles Steger said authorities believed the shooting at the West Ambler Johnston dorm, first reported about 7:15 a.m., was a domestic dispute and thought the gunman had fled the campus after killing two people. (My note: earlier notes mentioned that they thought that the RA was the boyfriend and had died with the victim and that was why they hadn’t bothered to alert the campus)

“We had no reason to suspect any other incident was going to occur,” he said.

(They took the word of a friend of Emily Hilscher who was the one who sent them off hunting Enily’s gun owning boyfriend, who turned out to be a red herring)

“The dormitory was locked down immediately after the shooting, Steger said, and a phone bank was activated to alert the resident advisers there so they could go door-to-door warning the 900 students in the dorm. Security guards surrounded the dorm, he said, and others began a sweep across campus.”

Door to door alert, when a murder has taken place seems rather neolithic to me! Why not a an announcement over the PA system?

“Asked why he didn’t order a lockdown of the entire campus, Steger noted that thousands of nonresident students were arriving for 8 a.m. classes, fanning out across the sprawling campus from their parking spots.“Where do you lock them down?” Steger asked.”

LR: Why not a siren and a PA announcement (or one over the local radio) telling people to leave?

“He said security on campus will be tightened now, but offered no details.

“We obviously can’t have an armed guard in front of every classroom every day of the year,” he said.

(LR: Again, a strawman. Why not cameras and a security guard who monitors doors from a central location? Done in stores all across the country and in many schools. Or a patrol car that moves around, again done on many campuses. Especially after the Morva episode, how could they not think about that?)

“Overall, Steger defended the university’s response, saying: “You can only make a decision based on the information you know at that moment in time. You don’t have hours to reflect on it.”

(My Comment: That’s why you prepare!!! What is with these people! Not a word of self-recrimination).

“Virginia Tech Police Chief Wendell Flinchum said there were no surveillance cameras in place that recorded the gunman entering Norris Hall, the classroom building where 31 people were killed. Among the dead was the gunman, who killed himself before police could break through a chained door and reach the second-floor room where the massacre occurred.

“Some students were upset that the gunman was able to strike a second time, saying the first notification they got of the shootings came in an e-mail at 9:26 a.m. The e-mail mentioned a “shooting incident” at West Ambler Johnston, said police were investigating, and asked students to be cautious and contact police about anything suspicious.”

(LR: the language is very puzzling; sounded like their main concern was NOT to alarm people).

Student Maurice Hiller said he went to a 9 a.m. class two buildings away from the engineering building, and no warnings were coming over the outdoor public address system on campus at the time.

(Unbelievable. They had a PA system and DIDN’T USE IT)

“I was troubled with the fact that two hours elapsed from the first shooting,” said Brant Martel, 23, a junior.

(You’re not the only one, Brant).

The blog Mirror on America makes the same point I make about rapid deployment and the lack of coorindation.

“Even for those places where a rapid response plan is in place, there has not been uniformity regarding procedures. For instance, in St. Louis County Missouri, only patrol Sergeants are allowed to have the assualt rifles….while in other departments, any trained officer can have the extra firepower. In my opinion, the more the merrier, because it’s all about decreasing the response time, so that suspects can be killed or cornered before they are allowed to murder more people. Rapid response plans will not prevent all deaths and are not designed to. The aim of rapid response units is to reduce the number of people killed in these kinds of events.

“I don’t know what the plan was for Virginia Tech or for the Blacksburg Virginia Police Department or Montgomery County Sheriff. But from what I can tell, the response appeared confused and may have been botched. It doesn’t appear that any rapid response plan was effectively used. But the large size of the campus should be taken into account. This kind of confusion is common when you have various police agencies (probably well over half a dozen in this case) attempting to respond to this kind of call, and trying to communicate and plan on the fly as the situation evolves.”

And here is Alexander Cockburn’s article on the same subject in Counterpunch (4/23), which agrees with my assessment:

“When the mass murder session began in the engineering building the police cowered behind their cruisers till Cho Seung-Hui finished off the last batch of his 32 victims, then killed himself. Then the police bravely rushed in, started sticking their guns in the faces of the traumatized students, screaming at them to freeze or be shot. Similar timidity was on display in Columbine, where Harris and Klebold killed students in the library over a period of 15 minutes and then committed suicide. The police finally mustered up the nerve to enter the library over two hours later.”

Ban psychiatric drugs from campus, he says. And bring back the posse.
Agreed.

Virginia Tech – An American Reader in Japan Responds

Robert McKinney, an American who once taught English at Waseda University in Japan, writes in to me (letter is excerpted):

Thank you so much for your common sense essay. My own thoughts too.

What does it take to alarm Americans any more? If the 7:15 am shooting had taken place at an airport, even a small regional airport, the FBI would been covering every inch of the area within a five mile radius of the airport. Same goes for a Federal building or a shopping mall.. …..

But why oh why didn’t the administration or the campus police close down the campus at 7:30 and tell everyone to stay home? That’s why we have local television stations, e-mail and loudspeakers. Didn’t two bloody killings cause any sense of alarm? Sad day for all Americans. Public safety has become a thing of the past..

It is ludicrous for anyone in authority to “cover his or her ass.” These were almost criminal idiots. Medical doctors who display such idiocy are quickly sued and some see their medical careers terminated and their professional and personal lives ruined. Time for heads to roll at VT...

Some years ago I was a full time English instructor at Waseda University, one of Japan’s elite colleges. Ninety percent of the student body is male. Anyway, in 2001 a terrible scandal surfaced after one female student went to the police with a lurid tale of being violently gang raped by a group of male students from Waseda. The police did investigate and discovered that a registered social club on the campus called “The Super Free Club” had been secretly gang-raping women, some as young as 18, for the past four or five years…..Over 100 women fell victim to the Super Free Club rape scheme. Most of the victims were from small towns around Japan and were simply too naive to understand the danger the club posed…..

Despite campus rumors and gossip about what was really happening at the Super Free Club parties, the Waseda U. authorities did nothing to investigate or question the club’s main members. The university was fearful of bad publicity and so just looked the other way while the rapes continued year after year……until the newspapers reported the police investigation in 2001

Although as many as forty or fifty Waseda male students had been involved in the gang rapes over the course of four years, only two or three individuals were convicted.

The university authorities at Waseda simply ignored the crisis. Damage control, “hey boys will be boys,” was their explanation.
Japan too has its share of moral lepers and idiots.

Sincerely,

Robert McKinney.

Virginia Tech – the dangers of the police state

Eugene Plawiuk has this posted on his site, cited at Brad Spangler. It’s something to keep in mind about V. Tech.

I’ve posted it here simply as a response to the mass of emails (to my email address, note, rather than publicly on this blog) that I received. Most of the mail was positive. Some – mostly from fellow immigrant Indians here in the US – was surprisingly venemous.
But seriously, how can any one confuse criticism of state power and laws with attacking a “free society”? Do you really think we live in a free society because we’re allowed to mouth off on blogs? Consider how swaddled in laws and regulations we are today. And it’s the same critics who complain about the litigiousness of this country who want even more laws.

Undoubtedly we have tremendous freedom of expression in certain areas. There are, of course, numbers of societies where even that’s absent, and I’m glad I don’t live in any of them. But must I really mention that as an obligatory preface to any statement I make?

“I am glad I don’t live in Iran, but…”

That’s a thought.

Doesn’t it occur to people that allowing vocal – if impotent- criticism is also a way in which the state diffuses threats to its power?

It bothers me that people can actually call for more gun laws and then tell libertarians that we despise the “free society.” How do you have a free society when the state is armed to the teeth and law-abiding citizens are largely disarmed?

How do you have a free society when every increase in state power is applauded by “law and order” statists who think that their position is “conservative”?

What are they conserving? State power? Big business? You can support a limited government and free markets, while still understanding that the corrupt expansion of either (and I would argue that only corruption allows them to expand beyond a certain limit) is inherently inimical to the healthy functioning of voluntary associations – community organizations, church groups, and families – on which traditional conservativism eventually rests.

Nock’s argument below points in exactly the same direction (emphasis is mine):

“If we look beneath the surface of our public affairs, we can discern one fundamental fact, namely: a great redistribution of power between society and the State. This is the fact that interests the student of civilization. He has only a secondary or derived interest in matters like price-fixing, wage-fixing, inflation, political banking, “agricultural adjustment,” and similar items of State policy that fill the pages of newspapers and the mouths of publicists and politicians. All these can be run up under one head. They have an immediate and temporary importance, and for this reason they monopolize public attention, but they all come to the same thing; which is, an increase of State power and a corresponding decrease of social power. It is unfortunately none too well understood that, just as the State has no money of its own, so it has no power of its own. All the power it has is what society gives it, plus what it confiscates from time to time on one pretext or another; there is no other source from which State power can be drawn. Therefore every assumption of State power, whether by gift or seizure, leaves society with so much less power; there is never, nor can be, any strengthening of State power without a corresponding and roughly equivalent depletion of social power…….

Heretofore in this country sudden crises of misfortune have been met by a mobilization of social power. In fact (except for certain institutional enterprises like the home for the aged, the lunatic-asylum, city-hospital and county-poorhouse) destitution, unemployment, “depression” and similar ills, have been no concern of the State, but have been relieved by the application of social power. Under Mr. Roosevelt, however, the State assumed this function, publicly announcing the doctrine, brand-new in our history, that the State owes its citizens a living. Students of politics, of course, saw in this merely an astute proposal for a prodigious enhancement of State power; merely what, as long ago as 1794, James Madison called “the old trick of turning every contingency into a resource for accumulating force in the government”; and the passage of time has proved that they were right. The effect of this upon the balance between State power and social power is clear, and also its effect of a general indoctrination with the idea that an exercise of social power upon such matters is no longer called for.

It is largely in this way that the progressive conversion of social power into State power becomes acceptable and gets itself accepted.. ”

Read the rest of the chapter here:

Alfred Jay Nock, Our Enemy, the State, 1935

VTech – The Copy Cat Effect and the Police State

The media ought to be held to some standards for the way they cover such incidents. There’s a public interest in reporting information, but it’s got to be done analytically, seriously.

Unending sensationalism that pointlessly multiplies electronic imagery is good for ratings, it has a fall-out:

1. It endangers the lives of the survivors and violates their privacy. That’s why I am not posting video footage of people at the scene, unless it’s specifically about the police response.

I that notice photos of university officials have been posted on the net. I’ve avoided that because photos and unnecessary personal information posted publicly could pose a threat to their safety or their family’s. I’ve posted their names – that’s more than enough for public information.

2. It disregards the privacy of the dead and the privacy and feelings of the injured,

3. It unfairly makes a kind of folk anti-hero of the perpetrator, thus further victimizing the dead and injured, which is why I am not posting the Cho video or photographs. Included in this are sensational statements such as those made by Geraldo Rivero, defending the right to publish the Cho video, as necessary to inform the public of his exceptional evil. This is simply disingenuous. The heinousness of the crime is evident, as is Cho’s mental condition. Additional lurid imagery only sensationalizes the story. And knowing, as we do, the violent effect of such media overkill, it’s also reprehensible.

Some experts have spoken up on this, too late, unfortunately.

4. It incites other deranged or attention-seeking individuals to imitate the crime.

5. It obscures or distracts from the larger questions of law and power involved.

6. It blurs the line between entertainment and reality in a very dangerous way. News reporting becomes primarily a commodity rather than a service with professional standards.

7. And most importantly, by presenting often traumatic images of crisis, state power and citizen helplessness, it provokes the terrorized siege mentality that will call for greater state power (protection, it will be termed) AND the nervous exhaustion, bewilderment and compliance that surrenders critical thinking and self-reliance.

The ultimate result is to strengthen the warfare-welfare state.

Traumatic imagery is used by states to manipulate their own and foreign populations during war time or in the run-up to war. That is the rationale behind Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance, National Defense University Press, October 1996.

Here is something I wrote in my book on Abu Ghraib about the use of such imagery in the service of the warfare state:

“Instead, it is at the public’s imagination that the new war is directed, with its black psychological operations that erase the boundary between civilian and military, war and peace, state and non-state.” (p. 189, The Tower of BabeAfter the Columbine shootings 8 years ago, there were 450 copycat threats, plots or shootings, according to Loren Coleman, a suicide prevention and school violence consultant, who is also the author of the Copy Cat Effect, a book about the effect of mass media coverage and the replication of violence.

Here is a rough summary of the outbreak of copy cat threats since Tuesday (posting and correcting as I go along):

Washington State University, Vancouver (graffiti threatening V Tech type violence, 4/17)

St. Edward’s University, Austin, Texas (nonspecific threat, location not specified, 4/17)

University of Oklahoma, Norman (scare over man later identified, 4/17).

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (telephone bomb threat, no mention of V. Tech, 4/17)

University of California at Hastings, College of Law, San Francisco ( online shooting threat 4/18).

Canyon Middle School, Alameida County (bomb threat on hotline by 13 yr old on 4/18).

Provo High School, Utah (at least one bomb threat, 4/20)

Cranbrook High School, Bloomfield, Michigan (scare over unidentified man)

Central High School in Rapid City, South Dakota (reports of a man with a gun in a parking lot)

North Dakota State University, Fresno, North Dakota (duffel bag found outside bus shelter)

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (bomb threat in Smith, specific times and locations, mentions VTech, 4/19)

Bogalusa Middle and High School, Louisiana (man threatening mass killing in a note mentioning V Tech, 4/17)

Schools in Greenbay, Washington.

University of Maine, Bangor, Maine (telephone bomb threat 4/18)

Riverton High School, Riverton, Kansas (5 students held in shooting threat posted on MySpace in commemoration of Columbine, 4/19)

Yuba, California

Kalamazoo Community College, Kalamazoo, Michigan

(online bomb threats, 4/20)

Commerce City, Colorado

San Diego State University

Reno, Nevada

Estrella Mountain Community College, Arizona

(shooting threat, 4/17)

University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado (Student arrest for verbal remark suggesting sypamthy for V Tech killings 4/17)

University of Missouri, Missouri (two shot and hospitalized, 4/19)

Great Falls High School, Great Falls, Montana (phone bomb threats and note threatening shooting worse than VTech, 4/17)

Johnson Space Center, Houston

(Hostage situation, perpetrator and hostage killed, 4/21)
l).